PMID- 22475258
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120726
LR  - 20161125
IS  - 1526-0550 (Electronic)
IS  - 1526-0542 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 2
DP  - 2012 Jun
TI  - Pulmonary embolism in children.
PG  - 112-22
LID - 10.1016/j.prrv.2011.09.002 [doi]
AB  - Unlike in adults, pulmonary embolism (PE) is an infrequent event in children. It 
      has a marked bimodal distribution during the paediatric years, occurring 
      predominantly in neonates and adolescents. The most important predisposing 
      factors to PE in children are the presence of a central venous line (CVL), 
      infection, and congenital heart disease. Clinical signs of PE are non-specific in 
      children or can be masked by underlying conditions. Diagnostic testing is 
      necessary in children, especially with the lack of clinical prediction rules. 
      Recommendations for tests are derived from adult studies with 
      ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy being well established. There exists an 
      increasing role for computerised tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and 
      magnetic resonance pulmonary angiography (MRPA). Thrombotic events in children 
      are initially treated with unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low molecular weight 
      heparin (LMWH). For the extended anticoagulant therapy LMWH or vitamin K 
      antagonists can be used with duration of treatment recommendations extrapolated 
      from adult data. Mortality rates for PE in children are reported to be around 
      10%, with death usually related to the underlying disease processes. Exact data 
      about recurrence risk in children is unknown. Because of the difference in 
      aetiology, presentation, diagnostic methods and treatment between adults and 
      children further research is necessary to assess the validity of recommendations 
      for children.
CI  - Crown Copyright (c) 2011. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Dijk, F Nicole
AU  - Dijk FN
AD  - Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked 
      Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
FAU - Curtin, Julie
AU  - Curtin J
FAU - Lord, David
AU  - Lord D
FAU - Fitzgerald, Dominic A
AU  - Fitzgerald DA
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20111121
PL  - England
TA  - Paediatr Respir Rev
JT  - Paediatric respiratory reviews
JID - 100898941
RN  - 0 (Anticoagulants)
RN  - 0 (Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Anticoagulants/*therapeutic use
MH  - Child
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/*therapeutic use
MH  - Humans
MH  - Infant
MH  - Infant, Newborn
MH  - *Lung/diagnostic imaging
MH  - Magnetic Resonance Angiography
MH  - *Pulmonary Embolism/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology
MH  - Radiography
MH  - Radionuclide Imaging
MH  - Risk Factors
EDAT- 2012/04/06 06:00
MHDA- 2012/07/27 06:00
CRDT- 2012/04/06 06:00
PHST- 2012/04/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/04/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/07/27 06:00 [medline]
AID - S1526-0542(11)00088-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.prrv.2011.09.002 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Paediatr Respir Rev. 2012 Jun;13(2):112-22. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2011.09.002. Epub 
      2011 Nov 21.