PMID- 22526285
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20121204
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1432-1955 (Electronic)
IS  - 0932-0113 (Linking)
VI  - 111
IP  - 2
DP  - 2012 Aug
TI  - Synergistic insecticidal and repellent effects of combined pyrethroid and 
      repellent-impregnated bed nets using a novel long-lasting polymer-coating 
      multi-layer technique.
PG  - 755-65
LID - 10.1007/s00436-012-2896-8 [doi]
AB  - New and improved strategies for malaria control and prevention are urgently 
      needed. As a contribution to an optimized personal protection strategy, a novel 
      long-lasting insecticide and repellent-treated net (LLIRN) has been designed by 
      binding combinations of permethrin plus N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), or insect 
      repellent 3535 (IR3535), and etofenprox plus DEET, onto fibres of bed net fabric 
      employing a new multi-layer polymer-coating technique. Protective repellent 
      efficacy, toxicological effectiveness and residual activity of 12 LLIRN types 
      have been evaluated by laboratory testing against adult Aedes aegypti. The novel 
      multi-layer LLIRN design allowed simultaneous embedding at concentrations up to 
      5,930 mg/m(2) for DEET, 3,408 mg/m(2) for IR3535, 2,296 mg/m(2) for permethrin 
      and 2,349 mg/m(2) for etofenprox, respectively. IR3535 layers prevented 
      co-binding of additional pyrethroid-containing polymer layers, thus making 
      pyrethroids plus DEET LLIRNs an ideal combination. All LLIRNs revealed 
      synergistic insecticidal effects which, when measured against concentration 
      controls of the isolated compounds, were significant in all LLIRN types designed. 
      DEET in DEET plus permethrin LLIRNs significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the 
      concentration-dependent permethrin 100 % knockdown (KD) time from 55 to 75 %, the 
      corresponding 100 % kill time (p < 0.0001) from 55 to 64 %. DEET in DEET plus 
      etofenprox LLIRNs reduced the dose-specific 100 % knockdown (KD) time of 
      etofenprox from 42 to 50 % (p = 0.004), the 100 % kill time from 25 to 38 % 
      (p < 0.0001). Permethrin or etofenprox did not influence spatial repellency of 
      DEET or IR3535 on LLIRNs. Vice versa, DEET and IR3535 increased spatial and 
      excitatory repellency and reduced landing and probing frequency on LLIRNs 
      resulting in strongly enhanced biting protection, even at low concentrations. One 
      hundred percent biting and probing protection of stored LLIRNs was preserved for 
      83 weeks with the 5,930 mg/m(2) DEET and 2,139 mg/m(2) etofenprox LLIRN, for 72 
      weeks with the 5,002 mg/m(2) DEET and 2,349 mg/m(2) etofenprox LLIRN, for 63 
      weeks with the 3,590 mg/m(2) DEET and 1,208 mg/m(2) permethrin LLRN, and for 61 
      weeks with the 4,711 mg/m(2) DEET and 702 mg/m(2) etofenprox LLIRN. Because 100 % 
      bite protection with up to 75 % quicker contact toxicity of pyrethroids were 
      documented, synergistic toxicological and repellent effects of multi-layer 
      polymer-coating LLIRNs may overcome LLIN-triggered selection pressure for 
      development of new kdr- and metabolic pyrethroid resistances while simultaneously 
      increasing protective efficacy also against kdr- and metabolic 
      pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes substantially due to the repellent-induced 
      effects of LLIRNs thus indicating that this approach is a promising new candidate 
      for future bed net, curtain, and window screen impregnation aiming at optimized 
      prevention from mosquito-borne diseases.
FAU - Faulde, Michael K
AU  - Faulde MK
AD  - Department of Medical Entomology/Zoology, Central Institute of the Bundeswehr 
      Medical Service, PO Box 7340, 56065 Koblenz, Germany. 
      MichaelFaulde@bundeswehr.org
FAU - Nehring, Oliver
AU  - Nehring O
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20120420
PL  - Germany
TA  - Parasitol Res
JT  - Parasitology research
JID - 8703571
RN  - 0 (Insect Repellents)
RN  - 0 (Insecticides)
RN  - 0 (Pyrethrins)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Behavior, Animal/drug effects
MH  - Culicidae/*drug effects/physiology
MH  - Insect Repellents/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - *Insecticide-Treated Bednets
MH  - Insecticides/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - Materials Testing
MH  - Mosquito Control
MH  - Pyrethrins/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - Time Factors
EDAT- 2012/04/25 06:00
MHDA- 2012/12/10 06:00
CRDT- 2012/04/25 06:00
PHST- 2012/01/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/03/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/04/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/04/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/12/10 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s00436-012-2896-8 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Parasitol Res. 2012 Aug;111(2):755-65. doi: 10.1007/s00436-012-2896-8. Epub 2012 
      Apr 20.