PMID- 22551874
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20121023
LR  - 20171116
IS  - 1879-1298 (Electronic)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Linking)
VI  - 88
IP  - 11
DP  - 2012 Sep
TI  - Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: 
      indoor sources and human exposure assessment.
PG  - 1276-82
LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100 [doi]
AB  - Due to worldwide restrictions on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the 
      demand for alternative flame retardants (AFRs), such as organophosphate flame 
      retardants (OPFRs), novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) and hexabromocyclododecanes 
      (HBCDs), has recently increased. Little is known about human exposure to NBFRs 
      and OPFRs and that their levels in dust have been scarcely evaluated worldwide. 
      To increase the knowledge regarding these chemicals, we measured concentrations 
      of five major NBFRs, ten OPFRs and three HBCD isomers in indoor dust from New 
      Zealand homes. Dust samples were taken from living room floors (n=34) and from 
      mattresses of the same houses (n=16). Concentrations (ngg(-1)) of NBFRs were: 
      1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (<2-175), decabromodiphenyl ethane 
      (DBDPE) (<5-1430), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (<2-2285) and 
      bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (<2-640). For OPFRs, 
      concentrations (ngg(-1)) ranged between: tri-ethyl-phosphate (TEP) (<10-235), 
      tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) (<20-7545), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) 
      (<20-7605), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (20-7615), 
      tri-(2-butoxyethyl)-phosphate (TBEP) (50-27325), 
      tris-(2,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCPP) (20-16560), tri-phenyl-phosphate 
      (TPhP) (20-35190), and tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) (<50-3760). HBCD concentrations 
      fell in the range <2-4100ngg(-1). BTBPE, DBDPE, TBPH, TBEP, and TnBP showed 
      significant positive correlation (p<0.05) between their concentrations in 
      mattresses and the corresponding floor dust (n=16). These data were used to 
      derive a range of plausible exposure scenarios. Although the estimated exposure 
      is well below the corresponding reference doses (RfDs), caution is needed given 
      the likely future increase in use of these FRs and the currently unknown 
      contribution to human exposure by other pathways such as inhalation and diet.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Ali, Nadeem
AU  - Ali N
AD  - Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, 
      Belgium.
FAU - Dirtu, Alin C
AU  - Dirtu AC
FAU - Van den Eede, Nele
AU  - Van den Eede N
FAU - Goosey, Emma
AU  - Goosey E
FAU - Harrad, Stuart
AU  - Harrad S
FAU - Neels, Hugo
AU  - Neels H
FAU - 't Mannetje, Andrea
AU  - 't Mannetje A
FAU - Coakley, Jonathan
AU  - Coakley J
FAU - Douwes, Jeroen
AU  - Douwes J
FAU - Covaci, Adrian
AU  - Covaci A
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20120430
PL  - England
TA  - Chemosphere
JT  - Chemosphere
JID - 0320657
RN  - 0 (Bromobenzenes)
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Brominated)
RN  - 0 (Organophosphates)
RN  - 0 (Organophosphorus Compounds)
RN  - 126-72-7 (tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate)
RN  - 34I00D6RNM (1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane)
RN  - 5I9835JO3M (hexabromocyclododecane)
SB  - IM
MH  - Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis
MH  - Bromobenzenes/analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Flame Retardants/*analysis
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydrocarbons, Brominated/analysis
MH  - New Zealand
MH  - Organophosphates/analysis
MH  - Organophosphorus Compounds/analysis
EDAT- 2012/05/04 06:00
MHDA- 2012/10/24 06:00
CRDT- 2012/05/04 06:00
PHST- 2011/11/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/03/23 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2012/03/31 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/05/04 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/05/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/10/24 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0045-6535(12)00483-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Chemosphere. 2012 Sep;88(11):1276-82. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100. 
      Epub 2012 Apr 30.