PMID- 22583435
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20121119
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1996-3181 (Electronic)
IS  - 1871-5273 (Print)
IS  - 1871-5273 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 5
DP  - 2012 Aug
TI  - Viruses and multiple sclerosis.
PG  - 528-44
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease that develops as an interplay 
      between the immune system and environmental stimuli in genetically susceptible 
      individuals. There is increasing evidence that viruses may play a role in MS 
      pathogenesis acting as these environmental triggers. However, it is not known if 
      any single virus is causal, or rather several viruses can act as triggers in 
      disease development. Here, we review the association of different viruses to MS 
      with an emphasis on two herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human 
      herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). These two agents have generated the most impact during 
      recent years as possible co-factors in MS disease development. The strongest 
      argument for association of EBV with MS comes from the link between symptomatic 
      infectious mononucleosis and MS and from seroepidemiological studies. In contrast 
      to EBV, HHV-6 has been found significantly more often in MS plaques than in MS 
      normal appearing white matter or non-MS brains and HHV-6 re-activation has been 
      reported during MS clinical relapses. In this review we also suggest new 
      strategies, including the development of new infectious animal models of MS and 
      antiviral MS clinical trials, to elucidate roles of different viruses in the 
      pathogenesis of this disease. Furthermore, we introduce the idea of using 
      unbiased sequence-independent pathogen discovery methodologies, such as next 
      generation sequencing, to study MS brain tissue or body fluids for detection of 
      known viral sequences or potential novel viral agents.
FAU - Virtanen, Jussi Oskari
AU  - Virtanen JO
AD  - Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of 
      Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 
      20892, USA
FAU - Jacobson, Steve
AU  - Jacobson S
LA  - eng
GR  - Z01 NS002817-18/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States
GR  - Z01 NS002817-19/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States
GR  - Z01 NS003040-01/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - United Arab Emirates
TA  - CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets
JT  - CNS & neurological disorders drug targets
JID - 101269155
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - Autoimmunity
MH  - Disease Models, Animal
MH  - Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/drug therapy/*physiopathology/virology
MH  - Herpesvirus 4, Human/drug effects/pathogenicity/*physiology
MH  - Herpesvirus 6, Human/drug effects/immunology/*pathogenicity/physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Infectious Mononucleosis/immunology/physiopathology/virology
MH  - Molecular Mimicry
MH  - Multiple Sclerosis/etiology/immunology/prevention & control/*virology
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Roseolovirus Infections/drug therapy/*physiopathology/virology
MH  - Secondary Prevention
MH  - Virus Activation/drug effects
PMC - PMC4758194
MID - NIHMS757862
COIS- CONFLICT OF INTEREST The author(s) confirm that this article content has no 
      conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2012/05/16 06:00
MHDA- 2012/12/10 06:00
PMCR- 2016/02/18
CRDT- 2012/05/16 06:00
PHST- 2012/02/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/04/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2012/04/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/05/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/05/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/12/10 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2016/02/18 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - CDTCNSND-EPUB-20120511-8 [pii]
AID - 10.2174/187152712801661220 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2012 Aug;11(5):528-44. doi: 
      10.2174/187152712801661220.