PMID- 22617620
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130502
LR  - 20121127
IS  - 1873-0183 (Electronic)
IS  - 1568-9972 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 2
DP  - 2012 Dec
TI  - Multimodality imaging and the emerging role of cardiac magnetic resonance in 
      autoimmune myocarditis.
PG  - 305-12
LID - S1568-9972(12)00105-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.05.005 [doi]
AB  - Autoimmune responses and inflammation are involved in the excess cardiovascular 
      risk observed in patients with systemic inflammatory diseases. Autoimmune 
      myocarditis is a presentation of an inflammatory reaction of the heart during the 
      course of autoimmune disorders, with most cases seen in systemic lupus 
      erythematosus. Early diagnosis is of great significance because of the likelihood 
      of progression to severe and potentially fatal complications such as arrhythmias, 
      heart block, and heart failure. The clinical presentation of the disease is 
      silent leading to delayed diagnosis when dilated cardiomyopathy or heart failure 
      has already advanced. Therefore, a major issue is whether the diagnosis of 
      myocarditis will continue to require invasive procedures such as endomyocardial 
      biopsy or can be achieved with non-invasive methods. There is increasing evidence 
      that noninvasive cardiac imaging, including tissue Doppler echocardiography and 
      cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), is able to detect subclinical cases and aid in 
      the initiation of specific treatment when it is more likely to be effective. CMR 
      in particular, has emerged as an important technique in the evaluation of 
      myocarditis using three types of images: T2-weighted (T2-W), early T1-weighted 
      (EGE) images taken after 1 min, and delayed enhanced images (LGE) taken 15 min 
      after the injection of contrast agent. If 2/3 of the imaging sequences are 
      positive, myocardial inflammation can be predicted or ruled out with a diagnostic 
      accuracy of 78%. As our understanding of disease mechanisms improves, 
      multimodality imaging may aid in the development of new diagnostic and 
      therapeutic strategies for this potentially devastating complication of systemic 
      inflammation, but further studies are needed to formally evaluate this.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Mavrogeni, Sophie
AU  - Mavrogeni S
AD  - Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece. soma13@otenet.gr
FAU - Dimitroulas, Theodoros
AU  - Dimitroulas T
FAU - Kitas, George D
AU  - Kitas GD
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20120519
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Autoimmun Rev
JT  - Autoimmunity reviews
JID - 101128967
SB  - IM
MH  - Autoimmune Diseases/*complications
MH  - Biopsy
MH  - *Cardiac Imaging Techniques
MH  - Humans
MH  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MH  - Myocarditis/*diagnosis/*etiology/physiopathology/therapy
MH  - Myocardium/pathology
EDAT- 2012/05/24 06:00
MHDA- 2013/05/03 06:00
CRDT- 2012/05/24 06:00
PHST- 2012/05/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/05/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/05/24 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/05/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/05/03 06:00 [medline]
AID - S1568-9972(12)00105-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.05.005 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Autoimmun Rev. 2012 Dec;12(2):305-12. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.05.005. Epub 
      2012 May 19.