PMID- 22618410
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120727
LR  - 20131121
IS  - 1464-0333 (Electronic)
IS  - 1464-0325 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 6
DP  - 2012 May
TI  - Combined toxicity of three chlorophenols 2,4-dichlorophenol, 
      2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol to Daphnia magna.
PG  - 1677-83
LID - 10.1039/c2em30185g [doi]
AB  - The toxicity of single and combined mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 
      2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) to Daphnia magna 
      was studied. The toxicity ranking of these three single chlorophenols (CPs) to 
      Daphnia magna was PCP > 2,4-DCP > 2,4,6-TCP. The toxic units (TU) approach was 
      used to estimate the combined effects in experiments, the median effective 
      concentration (EC(50)) values were 0.87-1.21 and 0.46-0.59 for binary and ternary 
      mixtures, respectively. Response surface models of General Linear Models (R(2) > 
      0.90, residual deviation < 3.25) were established for all three binary mixtures. 
      The toxicity for ternary mixtures based on the EC(50)-value and 10% effective 
      concentration (EC(10))-value fixed mixture ratio presented a synergism. The risk 
      based on the single CP's toxicity test may be underestimated. In addition, four 
      approaches (concentration addition, toxicity equivalency factors, effect 
      summation, and independent action) were used for the calculation of combined 
      effects of the mixture. The experimental results showed that concentration 
      addition and toxicity equivalency factor approaches were effective methods for 
      calculation of additive effects of mixtures from binary systems of CPs; while 
      independent action and effect summation (low simulated tail) predicted lower 
      toxicity than experimental results. Limitations of the traditional focus on the 
      effects of single agents were highlighted; hazard assessments ignoring the 
      possibility of joint action of CPs will almost certainly lead to significant 
      underestimations of risk.
FAU - Xing, Liqun
AU  - Xing L
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the 
      Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 20046, China.
FAU - Sun, Jie
AU  - Sun J
FAU - Liu, Hongling
AU  - Liu H
FAU - Yu, Hongxia
AU  - Yu H
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20120522
PL  - England
TA  - J Environ Monit
JT  - Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM
JID - 100968688
RN  - 0 (Chlorophenols)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - D9BSU0SE4T (Pentachlorophenol)
RN  - MHS8C5BAUZ (2,4,6-trichlorophenol)
RN  - R669TG1950 (2,4-dichlorophenol)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Chlorophenols/*toxicity
MH  - Daphnia
MH  - Pentachlorophenol/*toxicity
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*toxicity
EDAT- 2012/05/24 06:00
MHDA- 2012/07/28 06:00
CRDT- 2012/05/24 06:00
PHST- 2012/05/24 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/05/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/07/28 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1039/c2em30185g [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Environ Monit. 2012 May;14(6):1677-83. doi: 10.1039/c2em30185g. Epub 2012 May 
      22.