PMID- 22713689
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130108
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1096-0295 (Electronic)
IS  - 0273-2300 (Linking)
VI  - 64
IP  - 1
DP  - 2012 Oct
TI  - Optimised testing strategies for skin sensitization--the LLNA and beyond.
PG  - 9-16
LID - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.003 [doi]
AB  - As toxicology in the 21st century progresses towards a future which aims at 
      avoiding the use of in vivo testing, the endpoint of skin sensitisation can now 
      be found in the front line. Accordingly, it was appropriate for several industry 
      sectors to meet and review what has been learned from the currently most widely 
      used in vivo method, the local lymph node assay (LLNA), and to consider the 
      status of progress as we attempt to move beyond that test. No toxicology test is 
      perfect, an experience brought into focus by issues of false positives and, to a 
      lesser extent, false negatives in the LLNA. Use of weight of evidence arguments 
      for classification and labelling, as well as for risk assessment was emphasised 
      and it was also noted that a sufficient body of evidence now exists for conduct 
      of methods other than the LLNA for carefully defined chemical classes. In terms 
      of in vitro alternatives, progress towards methods which will deliver mainly 
      hazard identification is being made, with some entering the final stages of 
      validation, whereby (Q)SAR tools still need improvement to be used on a large 
      scale in practise. As various other challenges also remain, e.g. testing 
      lipophilic substances, as well as the development of non-animal methods which 
      deliver reliable information on potency for risk assessment, these will remain a 
      topic for continuing research and development.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Basketter, David
AU  - Basketter D
AD  - DABMEB Consultancy Ltd., Sharnbrook, UK. dabmebconsultancyltd@me.com
FAU - Crozier, Jonathan
AU  - Crozier J
FAU - Hubesch, Bruno
AU  - Hubesch B
FAU - Manou, Irene
AU  - Manou I
FAU - Mehling, Annette
AU  - Mehling A
FAU - Scheel, Julia
AU  - Scheel J
LA  - eng
PT  - Congress
PT  - Evaluation Study
DEP - 20120617
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
JT  - Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
JID - 8214983
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
SB  - IM
MH  - Allergens/chemistry/immunology/*toxicity
MH  - Animal Testing Alternatives
MH  - Animals
MH  - Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology/pathology
MH  - False Negative Reactions
MH  - False Positive Reactions
MH  - Immunization/*methods
MH  - *Local Lymph Node Assay
MH  - Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Skin Diseases/*chemically induced/immunology
MH  - Toxicity Tests
EDAT- 2012/06/21 06:00
MHDA- 2013/01/09 06:00
CRDT- 2012/06/21 06:00
PHST- 2012/04/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/06/01 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2012/06/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/06/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/06/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/01/09 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0273-2300(12)00112-2 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.003 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2012 Oct;64(1):9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.003. 
      Epub 2012 Jun 17.