PMID- 22731985
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130211
LR  - 20171116
IS  - 1557-8518 (Electronic)
IS  - 1540-4196 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 5
DP  - 2012 Oct
TI  - Clustering of metabolic risk factors is associated with high-normal levels of 
      liver enzymes among 6- to 8-year-old children: the PANIC study.
PG  - 337-43
AB  - BACKGROUND: We studied the associations of clustering of metabolic risk factors 
      with plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl 
      transferase (GGT) in healthy prepubertal children. METHODS: The subjects were a 
      representative population sample of 492 children 6-8 years of age. We assessed 
      body fat percentage (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), body mass index, waist 
      circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, insulin, 
      high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 
      (LDL-C), triglycerides, ALT, GGT, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) 
      and calculated a continuous metabolic syndrome score variable. We also used 
      factor analysis to examine whether high-normal liver enzymes are a feature of 
      metabolic syndrome among children. RESULTS: Children with overweight or obesity, 
      defined by International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria, had a 2.1-times 
      higher risk of having ALT and a 4.5-times higher risk of having GGT in the 
      highest fifth of its distribution than normal weight children. Children in the 
      highest sex-specific third of metabolic syndrome score, body fat percentage, 
      waist circumference, and insulin had a two to three times higher risk of being in 
      the highest fifth of ALT and GGT. Moreover, children in the highest third of 
      glucose and hsCRP had a 2.5-fold risk of being in the highest fifth of GGT. 
      First-order factor analysis yielded three factors; the first included insulin, 
      glucose, and triglycerides; the second waist circumference, insulin, GGT, and 
      hsCRP; and the third HDL-C, triglycerides, waist circumference, and insulin. 
      Second-order factor analysis yielded a single metabolic syndrome factor, 
      explaining 64.1% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: Clustering of metabolic risk 
      factors, particularly excess body fat, is associated with high-normal levels of 
      ALT and GGT in prepubertal children. High-normal levels of liver enzymes, 
      especially GGT, and systemic low-grade inflammation could be considered features 
      of metabolic syndrome among children. Subtle changes in liver function may play 
      an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome beginning in 
      childhood.
FAU - Viitasalo, Anna
AU  - Viitasalo A
AD  - Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern 
      Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
FAU - Laaksonen, David E
AU  - Laaksonen DE
FAU - Lindi, Virpi
AU  - Lindi V
FAU - Eloranta, Aino-Maija
AU  - Eloranta AM
FAU - Jaaskelainen, Jarmo
AU  - Jaaskelainen J
FAU - Tompuri, Tuomo
AU  - Tompuri T
FAU - Vaisanen, Sari
AU  - Vaisanen S
FAU - Lakka, Hanna-Maaria
AU  - Lakka HM
FAU - Lakka, Timo A
AU  - Lakka TA
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20120625
PL  - United States
TA  - Metab Syndr Relat Disord
JT  - Metabolic syndrome and related disorders
JID - 101150318
RN  - 0 (Enzymes)
SB  - IM
MH  - Age of Onset
MH  - Body Composition/physiology
MH  - Child
MH  - Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
MH  - Clinical Trials as Topic/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Cluster Analysis
MH  - Diet Therapy
MH  - Enzymes/*blood
MH  - Exercise Therapy
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Liver/*enzymology
MH  - Male
MH  - Metabolic Syndrome/blood/epidemiology/*etiology/prevention & control
MH  - Motor Activity/physiology
MH  - Obesity/blood/complications/epidemiology
MH  - Overweight/blood/complications/epidemiology
MH  - Risk Factors
EDAT- 2012/06/27 06:00
MHDA- 2013/02/12 06:00
CRDT- 2012/06/27 06:00
PHST- 2012/06/27 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/06/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/02/12 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1089/met.2012.0015 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2012 Oct;10(5):337-43. doi: 10.1089/met.2012.0015. Epub 
      2012 Jun 25.