PMID- 22767286
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20120921
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 19
IP  - 6
DP  - 2012 Jul
TI  - Use of passive sampling devices for monitoring and compliance checking of POP 
      concentrations in water.
PG  - 1885-95
LID - 10.1007/s11356-012-0748-9 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: The state of the art of passive water sampling of (nonpolar) organic 
      contaminants is presented. Its suitability for regulatory monitoring is 
      discussed, with an emphasis on the information yielded by passive sampling 
      devices (PSDs), their relevance and associated uncertainties. Almost all 
      persistent organic pollutants (POPs) targeted by the Stockholm Convention are 
      nonpolar or weakly polar, hydrophobic substances, making them ideal targets for 
      sampling in water using PSDs. Widely used nonpolar PSDs include semi-permeable 
      membrane devices, low-density polyethylene and silicone rubber. RESULTS AND 
      DISCUSSION: The inter-laboratory variation of equilibrium partition constants 
      between PSD and water is mostly 0.2-0.5 log units, depending on the exact matrix 
      used. The sampling rate of PSDs is best determined by using performance reference 
      compounds during field deployment. The major advantage of PSDs over alternative 
      matrices applicable in trend monitoring (e.g. sediments or biota) is that the 
      various sources of variance including analytical variance and natural 
      environmental variance can be much better controlled, which in turn results in a 
      reduction of the number of analysed samples required to obtain results with 
      comparable statistical power. CONCLUSION: Compliance checking with regulatory 
      limits and analysis of temporal and spatial contaminant trends are two possible 
      fields of application. In contrast to the established use of nonpolar PSDs, polar 
      samplers are insufficiently understood, but research is in progress to develop 
      PSDs for the quantitative assessment of polar waterborne contaminants. In 
      summary, PSD-based monitoring is a mature technique for the measurement of 
      aqueous concentrations of apolar POPs, with a well-defined accuracy and 
      precision.
FAU - Lohmann, Rainer
AU  - Lohmann R
AD  - Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Rd, 
      Narragansett, RI 02882, USA. lohmann@gso.uri.edu
FAU - Booij, Kees
AU  - Booij K
FAU - Smedes, Foppe
AU  - Smedes F
FAU - Vrana, Branislav
AU  - Vrana B
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
DEP - 20120703
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/*methods
MH  - Environmental Policy
MH  - Quality Control
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Salinity
MH  - Temperature
MH  - Water/analysis
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
MH  - Water Quality/standards
EDAT- 2012/07/07 06:00
MHDA- 2012/09/22 06:00
CRDT- 2012/07/07 06:00
PHST- 2011/10/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/01/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/07/07 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/07/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/09/22 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-012-0748-9 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Jul;19(6):1885-95. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-012-0748-9. Epub 2012 Jul 3.