PMID- 22901290
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130124
LR  - 20220408
IS  - 2242-3982 (Electronic)
IS  - 1239-9736 (Print)
IS  - 1239-9736 (Linking)
VI  - 71
DP  - 2012 Aug 16
TI  - Breast cancer in the Arctic--changes over the past decades.
PG  - 19155
LID - 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.19155 [doi]
AB  - The purpose of this study is to review the current literatures on breast cancer 
      (BC) in the Arctic, especially the trends in incidence during the last decades 
      and the possible explanations. The design of this study is a literature review. 
      The scientific literature concerning BC were reviewed, especially focusing on the 
      Arctic and the special conditions that exist in this region. Breast cancer 
      incidence is increasing all over the world, including in the Arctic. The enormous 
      transition in health conditions and lifestyle in the Arctic might be contributing 
      to the known risk factors. In Greenland, the age at menarche has diminished by 3 
      years during the course of 100 years, and the number of children per women as 
      well as the duration of breastfeeding is decreasing. Obesity and intake of 
      saturated fat is increasing and the intake of traditional food rich in 
      unsaturated fat and vitamin D decreasing. Smoking and alcohol consumption in the 
      Arctic has been relatively high but is now decreasing. More focus on genetic 
      susceptibility in relation to BC has identified the specific BRCA1 founder 
      mutation in the Greenlandic population, which might appear to be an important 
      risk factor. However, the known established risk factors alone cannot account for 
      the increasing trend observed. Studies suggest that environmental contaminants 
      such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including perfluorinated compounds 
      increase the risk of BC possibly in conjunction with certain genetic 
      polymorphisms involved in carcinogen activation. The lipophilic POPs such as 
      polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides are found at very high 
      levels in the Arctic population. Several factors can explain the increasing 
      incidence of BC in the Arctic. The transition in lifestyle and health conditions 
      unfortunately increases the known risk factors of BC. Moreover, the population of 
      the Arctic might show up to be especially vulnerable because of the contemporary 
      high burden of POPs and genetic susceptibility.
FAU - Fredslund, Stine Overvad
AU  - Fredslund SO
AD  - Department of Public Health, Centre of Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and 
      Molecular Toxicology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
FAU - Bonefeld-Jorgensen, Eva Cecilie
AU  - Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20120816
PL  - United States
TA  - Int J Circumpolar Health
JT  - International journal of circumpolar health
JID - 9713056
SB  - IM
MH  - Arctic Regions/epidemiology
MH  - Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Incidence
MH  - Risk Factors
PMC - PMC3422501
EDAT- 2012/08/21 06:00
MHDA- 2013/01/25 06:00
PMCR- 2012/01/01
CRDT- 2012/08/21 06:00
PHST- 2011/07/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/04/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2012/06/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/08/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/08/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/01/25 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2012/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 19155 [pii]
AID - IJCH-71-19155 [pii]
AID - 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.19155 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Circumpolar Health. 2012 Aug 16;71:19155. doi: 10.3402/ijch.v71i0.19155.