PMID- 23009687
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130531
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1746-6148 (Electronic)
IS  - 1746-6148 (Linking)
VI  - 8
DP  - 2012 Sep 25
TI  - The effect of infection order of porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine 
      reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on dually infected swine alveolar 
      macrophages.
PG  - 174
LID - 10.1186/1746-6148-8-174 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Concurrent infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and 
      porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known as one of 
      the major causes for porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). Dual infection 
      with PCV2 and PRRSV is consistently to have more severe clinical presentations 
      and pulmonary lesions than infection with PCV2 alone or PRRSV alone. However, it 
      is not known if dual infections with PCV2 and PRRSV in different infection order 
      may lead to different clinical symptoms in the host. To mimic the possible field 
      conditions, swine alveolar macrophages (AMs) were inoculated with PCV2 and PRRSV 
      in vitro simultaneously or with one virus 18 h earlier than the other. The cell 
      viability, cytopathic effects, antigen-containing rates, phagocytotic and 
      microbial killing capabilities, cytokine profiles (IL-8, TNF-alpha, and IFN-alpha) and 
      FasL transcripts were determined, analyzed, and compared to prove the hypothesis. 
      RESULTS: A marked reduction in PRRSV antigen-containing rate, cytopathic effect, 
      and TNF-alpha expression level was revealed in AMs inoculated with PCV2 and PRRSV 
      simultaneously and in AMs inoculated with PCV2 first then PRRSV 18 h later, but 
      not in AMs inoculated with PRRSV first then PCV2 18 h later. Transient decrease 
      in phagocytosis but constant reduction in microbicidal capability in AMs in the 
      group inoculated with PCV2 alone and constant decrease in phagocytosis and 
      microbicidal capability in AMs in all PRRSV-inoculated groups were noted. The 
      levels of IL-8, TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha, and FasL transcripts in AMs in all groups with dual 
      inoculation of PCV2 and PRRSV were significantly increased regardless of the 
      infection orders as compared with infection by PCV2 alone or PRRSV alone. 
      CONCLUSIONS: Swine AMs infected with PCV2 first then PRRSV later or infected with 
      PCV2 and PRRSV simultaneously displayed marked reduction in PRRSV 
      antigen-containing rate, cytopathic effect, and TNF-alpha expression level. The 
      different inoculation orders of PCV2 and PRRSV in AMs leading to different 
      results in viral antigen positivity, cytopathology, and cytokine profile may 
      explain, at least partially, the underlying mechanism of the enhanced pulmonary 
      lesions in PRDC exerted by dual infection with PCV2 and PRRSV and the variable 
      clinical manifestations of PRDC-affected pigs in the field.
FAU - Tsai, Yi-Chieh
AU  - Tsai YC
AD  - Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, 
      National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China.
FAU - Chang, Hui-Wen
AU  - Chang HW
FAU - Jeng, Chian-Ren
AU  - Jeng CR
FAU - Lin, Tsang-Long
AU  - Lin TL
FAU - Lin, Chun-Ming
AU  - Lin CM
FAU - Wan, Cho-Hua
AU  - Wan CH
FAU - Pang, Victor Fei
AU  - Pang VF
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20120925
PL  - England
TA  - BMC Vet Res
JT  - BMC veterinary research
JID - 101249759
RN  - 0 (Antigens, Viral)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
MH  - Cell Survival
MH  - Cells, Cultured
MH  - Circovirus/*physiology
MH  - Cytokines/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation
MH  - Macrophages, Alveolar/*virology
MH  - Phagocytosis
MH  - Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/*physiology
MH  - *Swine
PMC - PMC3528418
EDAT- 2012/09/27 06:00
MHDA- 2013/06/01 06:00
PMCR- 2012/09/25
CRDT- 2012/09/27 06:00
PHST- 2012/04/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/09/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/09/27 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/09/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/06/01 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2012/09/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 1746-6148-8-174 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/1746-6148-8-174 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - BMC Vet Res. 2012 Sep 25;8:174. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-174.