PMID- 23050849
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130304
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1756-3305 (Electronic)
IS  - 1756-3305 (Linking)
VI  - 5
DP  - 2012 Oct 10
TI  - Ixodes scapularis saliva mitigates inflammatory cytokine secretion during 
      Anaplasma phagocytophilum stimulation of immune cells.
PG  - 229
LID - 10.1186/1756-3305-5-229 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ixodes scapularis saliva enables the transmission of infectious 
      agents to the mammalian host due to its immunomodulatory, anesthetic and 
      anti-coagulant properties. However, how I. scapularis saliva influences host 
      cytokine secretion in the presence of the obligate intracellular rickettsial 
      pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum remains elusive. METHODS: Bone marrow derived 
      macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with pathogen associated molecular patterns 
      (PAMPs) and A. phagocytophilum. Cytokine secretion was measured in the presence 
      and absence of I. scapularis saliva. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells 
      (PBMCs) were also stimulated with Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha in the presence 
      and absence of I. scapularis saliva and interleukin (IL)-8 was measured. RESULTS: 
      I. scapularis saliva inhibits inflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages 
      during stimulation of Toll-like (TLR) and Nod-like receptor (NLR) signaling 
      pathways. The effect of I. scapularis saliva on immune cells is not restricted to 
      murine macrophages because decreasing levels of interleukin (IL)-8 were observed 
      after TNF-alpha stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. I. 
      scapularis saliva also mitigates pro-inflammatory cytokine response by murine 
      macrophages during challenge with A. phagocytophilum. CONCLUSIONS: These findings 
      suggest that I. scapularis may inhibit inflammatory cytokine secretion during 
      rickettsial transmission at the vector-host interface.
FAU - Chen, Gang
AU  - Chen G
AD  - Center for Disease Vector Research and Department of Entomology, University of 
      California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
FAU - Severo, Maiara S
AU  - Severo MS
FAU - Sohail, Mohammad
AU  - Sohail M
FAU - Sakhon, Olivia S
AU  - Sakhon OS
FAU - Wikel, Stephen K
AU  - Wikel SK
FAU - Kotsyfakis, Michail
AU  - Kotsyfakis M
FAU - Pedra, Joao H F
AU  - Pedra JH
LA  - eng
GR  - K01 CK000101/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/United States
GR  - R01 AI093653/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
DEP - 20121010
PL  - England
TA  - Parasit Vectors
JT  - Parasites & vectors
JID - 101462774
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Immunologic Factors)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Anaplasma phagocytophilum/*immunology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cytokines/*antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immunologic Factors/metabolism
MH  - Ixodes/*immunology
MH  - Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects/immunology
MH  - Macrophages/drug effects/immunology
MH  - Mice
MH  - Mice, Inbred C57BL
MH  - Saliva/*immunology
PMC - PMC3503595
EDAT- 2012/10/12 06:00
MHDA- 2013/03/05 06:00
PMCR- 2012/10/10
CRDT- 2012/10/12 06:00
PHST- 2012/08/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/10/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/10/12 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/10/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/03/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2012/10/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 1756-3305-5-229 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/1756-3305-5-229 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Parasit Vectors. 2012 Oct 10;5:229. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-229.