PMID- 23110568
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130423
LR  - 20131121
IS  - 1476-4431 (Electronic)
IS  - 1476-4431 (Linking)
VI  - 22
IP  - 5
DP  - 2012 Oct
TI  - Metabolic and hormonal responses to subcutaneous glucagon in healthy beagles.
PG  - 558-63
LID - 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00793.x [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) 
      glucagon on glucose concentrations, and insulin and cortisol secretion. DESIGN: 
      Prospective randomized 3-way crossover study. SETTING: University teaching 
      hospital. ANIMALS: Five healthy beagles. INTERVENTIONS: Diabetes mellitus and 
      adrenal insufficiency were excluded by repeated glucose and fructosamine 
      measurements, urinalysis, abdominal ultrasonography, and ACTH stimulation tests. 
      Blood samples were collected before and after the SC and IV injection of 1 
      milligram (1 mg = 1 mL) commercially available synthetic glucagon and analyzed 
      for insulin-like immunoreactivity (insulin-imr), glucose, ACTH and cortisol 
      concentrations. The results were compared with those obtained after the SC 
      injection of 1 mL saline (placebo). Measurements were performed over a period of 
      up to 3 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: SC glucagon significantly increased 
      glucose and insulin-imr (P < 0.001 and 0.043, respectively). Peak glucose 
      concentrations were observed after 20 minutes and were lower than after IV 
      injection (mean +/- SD: 6.5 +/- 1.1 mmol/L versus 9.3 +/- 0.8 mmol/L [117.1 +/- 19.8 
      mg/dL versus 167.6 +/- 14.4 mg/dL]; P = 0.001). The route of application had no 
      significant effect on insulin-imr (peak concentration: median [range]: 83.3 
      [13.9-312.5] pmol/L versus 194.5 [118.1-284.7] pmol/L [12 [2-45] muU/mL versus 28 
      [17-41] muU/mL; P = 0.151). SC glucagon did not increase cortisol or ACTH 
      concentrations at any time point of observation (P > 0.05). Aside from 
      somnolence, no adverse events were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: SC glucagon has the 
      potential to be used as a simple and safe test in diabetic animals, but is of 
      little use in animals with suspected corticotrophic insufficiency. The 
      hyperglycemic effects are significant, implying that the commercially available 
      human emergency kit could be useful in the home treatment of canine hypoglycemic 
      emergencies.
CI  - (c) Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2012.
FAU - Zeugswetter, Florian K
AU  - Zeugswetter FK
AD  - Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic for Small Animals and 
      Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 
      f.zeugswetter@vetmeduni.ac.at
FAU - Schornsteiner, Elisa
AU  - Schornsteiner E
FAU - Haimel, Georg
AU  - Haimel G
FAU - Schwendenwein, Ilse
AU  - Schwendenwein I
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PL  - United States
TA  - J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)
JT  - Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex. : 2001)
JID - 101152804
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
RN  - 0 (Insulin)
RN  - 9002-60-2 (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
RN  - 9007-92-5 (Glucagon)
RN  - WI4X0X7BPJ (Hydrocortisone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
MH  - Animals
MH  - Blood Glucose/*drug effects
MH  - Cross-Over Studies
MH  - Dogs/*blood
MH  - Glucagon/administration & dosage/*pharmacology
MH  - Hydrocortisone/blood
MH  - Injections, Subcutaneous
MH  - Insulin/immunology/metabolism
MH  - Male
EDAT- 2012/11/01 06:00
MHDA- 2013/04/24 06:00
CRDT- 2012/11/01 06:00
PHST- 2012/11/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/11/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/04/24 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00793.x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2012 Oct;22(5):558-63. doi: 
      10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00793.x.