PMID- 23133495
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20121108
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1741-4288 (Electronic)
IS  - 1741-427X (Print)
IS  - 1741-427X (Linking)
VI  - 2012
DP  - 2012
TI  - Red ginseng extract attenuates kainate-induced excitotoxicity by antioxidative 
      effects.
PG  - 479016
LID - 10.1155/2012/479016 [doi]
LID - 479016
AB  - This study investigated the neuroprotective activity of red ginseng extract (RGE, 
      Panax ginseng, C. A. Meyer) against kainic acid- (KA-) induced excitotoxicity in 
      vitro and in vivo. In hippocampal cells, RGE inhibited KA-induced excitotoxicity 
      in a dose-dependent manner as measured by the MTT assay. To study the possible 
      mechanisms of the RGE-mediated neuroprotective effect against KA-induced 
      cytotoxicity, we examined the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species 
      (ROS) and [Ca(2+)](i) in cultured hippocampal neurons and found that RGE 
      treatment dose-dependently inhibited intracellular ROS and [Ca(2+)](i) elevation. 
      Oral administration of RGE (30 and 200 mg/kg) in mice decreased the 
      malondialdehyde (MDA) level induced by KA injection (30 mg/kg, i.p.). In 
      addition, similar results were obtained after pretreatment with the radical 
      scavengers Trolox and N, N'-dimethylthiourea (DMTU). Finally, after confirming 
      the protective effect of RGE on hippocampal brain-derived neurotropic factor 
      (BDNF) protein levels, we found that RGE is active compounds mixture in 
      KA-induced hippocampal mossy-fiber function improvement. Furthermore, RGE 
      eliminated 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, and the IC(50) was 
      approximately 10 mg/ml. The reductive activity of RGE, as measured by reaction 
      with hydroxyl radical ((*)OH), was similar to trolox. The second-order rate 
      constant of RGE for (*)OH was 3.5-4.5 x 10(9) M(-1).S(-1). Therefore, these 
      results indicate that RGE possesses radical reduction activity and alleviates 
      KA-induced excitotoxicity by quenching ROS in hippocampal neurons.
FAU - Han, Jin-Yi
AU  - Han JY
AD  - Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 
      361-763, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Ahn, Sun-Young
AU  - Ahn SY
FAU - Oh, Eun-Hye
AU  - Oh EH
FAU - Nam, Sang-Yoon
AU  - Nam SY
FAU - Hong, Jin Tae
AU  - Hong JT
FAU - Oh, Ki-Wan
AU  - Oh KW
FAU - Lee, Mi Kyeong
AU  - Lee MK
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20121023
PL  - United States
TA  - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
JT  - Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
JID - 101215021
PMC - PMC3485976
EDAT- 2012/11/08 06:00
MHDA- 2012/11/08 06:01
PMCR- 2012/10/23
CRDT- 2012/11/08 06:00
PHST- 2012/04/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/09/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2012/09/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/11/08 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/11/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2012/11/08 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2012/10/23 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1155/2012/479016 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:479016. doi: 10.1155/2012/479016. 
      Epub 2012 Oct 23.