PMID- 23200828
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130919
LR  - 20130328
IS  - 1878-4216 (Electronic)
IS  - 0278-5846 (Linking)
VI  - 43
DP  - 2013 Jun 3
TI  - Melancholic and atypical major depression--connection between cytokines, 
      psychopathology and treatment.
PG  - 1-6
LID - S0278-5846(12)00291-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.009 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Growing scientific evidence indicates that there is a 
      correlation between depression and alternations in the immune system. The main 
      aim of the study was to investigate serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and 
      Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in melancholic and atypical depressive 
      patients during acute exacerbations of illness, compared to healthy subjects. The 
      secondary aim was to explore a possible association between cytokine levels and 
      clinical characteristics, as well as total duration of prior antidepressant 
      treatment. METHOD: We measured serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in 47 patients 
      suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) (29 melancholic and 18 atypical) 
      in exacerbation of illness, compared to 39 healthy controls, matched by sex, body 
      mass index (BMI) and smoking habits. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were measured 
      by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The severity of psychopathology was 
      assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). RESULTS: IL-6 was 
      significantly elevated in melancholic depressive patients (MDD-M) compared to 
      healthy controls, while no difference was found between the patients with 
      atypical depression (MDD-A) and the healthy group. Lower TNF-alpha serum level was 
      found both in melancholic and in patients with atypical depression, compared with 
      healthy subjects. We detected a positive correlation between cytokine levels in 
      atypical, but not in melancholic subjects. Sex, age, smoking habits and BMI were 
      not associated to cytokine levels in neither group. Clinical parameters (duration 
      of illness, current episode, age of onset) were related to cytokine levels in 
      atypical depression, while the duration of lifetime exposure to antidepressant 
      treatment correlated to IL-6 serum levels in both melancholic and atypical 
      depression. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the difference in 
      pro-inflammatory cytokine levels could reflect a biological difference between 
      melancholic and atypical depression. A positive correlation between the cytokines 
      (TNF-alpha and IL-6) observed in depressive patients with atypical features, might be 
      influenced by chronic course of illness, while IL-6 elevation could represent a 
      state indicator for acute exacerbation, especially in melancholic patients. Total 
      duration of antidepressant treatment could be a relevant factor influencing the 
      immune status of patients who suffer either from melancholic or atypical 
      depression.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Dunjic-Kostic, Bojana
AU  - Dunjic-Kostic B
AD  - Clinic of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, 
      Serbia. bojanadunjic1978@gmail.com
FAU - Ivkovic, Maja
AU  - Ivkovic M
FAU - Radonjic, Nevena V
AU  - Radonjic NV
FAU - Petronijevic, Natasa D
AU  - Petronijevic ND
FAU - Pantovic, Maja
AU  - Pantovic M
FAU - Damjanovic, Aleksandar
AU  - Damjanovic A
FAU - Poznanovic, Sanja Totic
AU  - Poznanovic ST
FAU - Jovanovic, Aleksandar
AU  - Jovanovic A
FAU - Nikolic, Tanja
AU  - Nikolic T
FAU - Jasovic-Gasic, Miroslava
AU  - Jasovic-Gasic M
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20121128
PL  - England
TA  - Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
JT  - Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry
JID - 8211617
RN  - 0 (Antidepressive Agents)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-6)
RN  - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Age of Onset
MH  - Analysis of Variance
MH  - Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Cytokines/*blood
MH  - Depressive Disorder, Major/*metabolism/psychology/*therapy
MH  - Disease Progression
MH  - Educational Status
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Interleukin-6/blood
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
MH  - Smoking/adverse effects/psychology
MH  - Socioeconomic Factors
MH  - Suicidal Ideation
MH  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
EDAT- 2012/12/04 06:00
MHDA- 2013/09/21 06:00
CRDT- 2012/12/04 06:00
PHST- 2012/09/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2012/11/20 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2012/11/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2012/12/04 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/12/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/09/21 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0278-5846(12)00291-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.009 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jun 3;43:1-6. doi: 
      10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.009. Epub 2012 Nov 28.