PMID- 23216578
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130204
LR  - 20121211
IS  - 1528-1167 (Electronic)
IS  - 0013-9580 (Linking)
VI  - 53 Suppl 9
DP  - 2012 Dec
TI  - Regulators of synaptic transmission: roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of 
      epilepsy.
PG  - 41-58
LID - 10.1111/epi.12034 [doi]
AB  - Synaptic transmission is the communication between a presynaptic and a 
      postsynaptic neuron, and the subsequent processing of the signal. These processes 
      are complex and highly regulated, reflecting their importance in normal brain 
      functioning and homeostasis. Sustaining synaptic transmission depends on the 
      continuing cycle of synaptic vesicle formation, release, and endocytosis, which 
      requires proteins such as dynamin, syndapin, synapsin, and synaptic vesicle 
      protein 2A. Synaptic transmission is regulated by diverse mechanisms, including 
      presynaptic modulators of synaptic vesicle formation and release, postsynaptic 
      receptors and signaling, and modulators of neurotransmission. Neurotransmitters 
      released presynaptically can bind to their postsynaptic receptors, the inhibitory 
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic receptors or the excitatory glutamate receptors. 
      Once released, glutamate activates a variety of postsynaptic receptors including 
      alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), N-methyl-D-aspartate 
      (NMDA), kainate, and metabotropic receptors. The activation of the receptors 
      triggers downstream signaling cascades generating a vast array of effects, which 
      can be modulated by a numerous auxiliary regulatory subunits. Moreover, different 
      neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 
      somatostatin, ghrelin, and galanin, act as regulators of diverse synaptic 
      functions and along with the classic neurotransmitters. Abnormalities in the 
      regulation of synaptic transmission play a critical role in the pathogenesis of 
      numerous brain diseases, including epilepsy. This review focuses on the different 
      mechanisms involved in the regulation of synaptic transmission, which may play a 
      role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy: the presynaptic modulators of synaptic 
      vesicle formation and release, postsynaptic receptors, and modulators of 
      neurotransmission, including the mechanism by which drugs can modulate the 
      frequency and severity of epileptic seizures.
CI  - Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (c) 2012 International League Against Epilepsy.
FAU - Casillas-Espinosa, Pablo M
AU  - Casillas-Espinosa PM
AD  - The Departments of Medicine and Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The 
      Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 
      Australia.
FAU - Powell, Kim L
AU  - Powell KL
FAU - O'Brien, Terence J
AU  - O'Brien TJ
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
PL  - United States
TA  - Epilepsia
JT  - Epilepsia
JID - 2983306R
RN  - 0 (Anticonvulsants)
RN  - 0 (Nerve Tissue Proteins)
RN  - 0 (Neuropeptides)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Glutamate)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Anticonvulsants/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Epilepsy/drug therapy/*genetics/*physiopathology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Neuropeptides/drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Receptors, Glutamate/drug effects/genetics/metabolism
MH  - *Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/genetics
MH  - Synaptic Vesicles/drug effects/genetics
EDAT- 2012/12/19 06:00
MHDA- 2013/02/05 06:00
CRDT- 2012/12/11 06:00
PHST- 2012/12/11 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2012/12/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/02/05 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1111/epi.12034 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Epilepsia. 2012 Dec;53 Suppl 9:41-58. doi: 10.1111/epi.12034.