PMID- 23316451
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 2211-2863 (Print)
IS  - 2211-2863 (Electronic)
IS  - 2211-2863 (Linking)
VI  - 2
DP  - 2012
TI  - Two-step nanoprecipitation for the production of protein-loaded PLGA nanospheres.
PG  - 79-85
AB  - One of the first methods to encapsulate drugs within polymer nanospheres was 
      developed by Fessi and coworkers in 1989 and consisted of one-step 
      nanoprecipitation based on solvent displacement. However, proteins are poorly 
      encapsulated within polymer nanoparticles using this method because of their 
      limited solubility in organic solvents. To overcome this limitation, we developed 
      a two-step nanoprecipitation method and encapsulated various proteins with high 
      efficiency into poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) nanospheres (NP). In this 
      method, a protein nanoprecipitation step is used first followed by a second 
      polymer nanoprecipitation step. Two model enzymes, lysozyme and alpha-chymotrypsin, 
      were used for the optimization of the method. We obtained encapsulation 
      efficiencies of >70%, an amount of buffer-insoluble protein aggregates of 
      typically <2%, and a high residual activity of typically >90%. The optimum 
      conditions identified for lysozyme were used to successfully encapsulate 
      cytochrome c(Cyt-c), an apoptosis-initiating basic protein of similar size, to 
      verify reproducibility of the encapsulation procedure. The size of the Cyt-c 
      loaded-PLGA nanospheres was around 300-400 nm indicating the potential of the 
      delivery system to passively target tumors. Cell viability studies, using a human 
      cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), demonstrate excellent biocompatibility of the 
      PLGA nanoparticles. PLGA nanoparticles carrying encapsulated Cyt-c were not 
      efficient in causing apoptosis presumably because PLGA nanoparticles are not 
      efficiently taken up by the cells. Future systems will have to be optimized to 
      ascertain efficient cellular uptake of the nanoparticles by, e.g., surface 
      modification with receptor ligands.
FAU - Morales-Cruz, Moraima
AU  - Morales-Cruz M
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 
      23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, Puerto Rico.
FAU - Flores-Fernandez, Giselle M
AU  - Flores-Fernandez GM
FAU - Morales-Cruz, Myreisa
AU  - Morales-Cruz M
FAU - Orellano, Elsie A
AU  - Orellano EA
FAU - Rodriguez-Martinez, Jose A
AU  - Rodriguez-Martinez JA
FAU - Ruiz, Mercedes
AU  - Ruiz M
FAU - Griebenow, Kai
AU  - Griebenow K
LA  - eng
GR  - R25 GM061151/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - SC1 GM086240/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - T34 GM007821/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Results Pharma Sci
JT  - Results in pharma sciences
JID - 101596331
PMC - PMC3541529
MID - NIHMS428404
EDAT- 2013/01/15 06:00
MHDA- 2013/01/15 06:01
PMCR- 2012/11/24
CRDT- 2013/01/15 06:00
PHST- 2013/01/15 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/01/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/01/15 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2012/11/24 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2211-2863(12)00011-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.rinphs.2012.11.001 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Results Pharma Sci. 2012;2:79-85. doi: 10.1016/j.rinphs.2012.11.001.