PMID- 23380150
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130920
LR  - 20240322
IS  - 1878-1705 (Electronic)
IS  - 1567-5769 (Print)
IS  - 1567-5769 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 3
DP  - 2013 Mar
TI  - Immunomodulatory and hemagglutinating activities of acidic polysaccharides 
      isolated from Combretum racemosum.
PG  - 628-37
LID - S1567-5769(13)00031-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.015 [doi]
AB  - Extracts of leaves of different species of the genus Combretum have been used 
      historically to treat a variety of medicinal problems. However, little is known 
      about the active components conferring therapeutic properties to these extracts. 
      In the present studies, we evaluated biochemical properties and immunomodulatory 
      activity of polysaccharides isolated from the leaves of Combretum racemosum. 
      Water-soluble polysaccharides from leaves of C. racemosum were extracted and 
      fractionated by DEAE-cellulose and Diaion HP-20 to obtain a Diaion-bound 
      fraction, designated Combretum polysaccharide-acidic bound or CP-AB, which was 
      eluted with methanol, and an unbound fraction, designated as CP-AU. Molecular 
      weight determination, sugar analysis, and other physical and chemical 
      characterization of the fractions were performed. Fraction CP-AU (mol. weight 5.0 
      kDa) contained type II arabinogalactan and had potent immunomodulatory activity, 
      inducing the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, -6, -10, and tumor necrosis 
      factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and MonoMac-6 
      monocytic cells. Likewise, intraperitoneal administration of CP-AU increased in 
      vivo serum levels of IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in mice. 
      CP-AU-induced secretion of TNF-alpha in PBMC was prevented by Toll-like receptor 4 
      (TLR4) antagonist LPS-RS. Treatment with CP-AU induced phosphorylation of Akt2, 
      Akt3, GSK-3beta, HSP27, mTOR, and all p38 MAPK isoforms (alpha, beta, delta, and gamma), as well as 
      stimulation of AP-1/NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. In addition, CP-AU 
      effectively agglutinated erythrocytes from several species, including human, 
      mouse, and rabbit. In contrast, fraction CP-AB was inactive in all biological 
      tests, including cytokine production and hemagglutination. These data suggest 
      that at least part of the beneficial therapeutic effects reported for the water 
      extracts of leaves from C. racemosum are due to modulation of leukocyte 
      functions.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Schepetkin, Igor A
AU  - Schepetkin IA
AD  - Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, 
      Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
FAU - Kouakou, Koffi
AU  - Kouakou K
FAU - Yapi, Ahoua
AU  - Yapi A
FAU - Kirpotina, Liliya N
AU  - Kirpotina LN
FAU - Jutila, Mark A
AU  - Jutila MA
FAU - Quinn, Mark T
AU  - Quinn MT
LA  - eng
GR  - P30 GM110732/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P01 AT004986/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P20 GM103500/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - AT04986/AT/NCCIH NIH HHS/United States
GR  - GM103500/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20130201
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Int Immunopharmacol
JT  - International immunopharmacology
JID - 100965259
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (Galactans)
RN  - 0 (Plant Extracts)
RN  - 0 (Polysaccharides)
RN  - 0 (Toll-Like Receptor 4)
RN  - SL4SX1O487 (arabinogalactan)
SB  - IM
MH  - Agglutination/drug effects
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cell Line
MH  - Combretum/*chemistry
MH  - Cytokines/metabolism
MH  - Erythrocytes/drug effects
MH  - Galactans/*administration & dosage/chemistry/isolation & purification
MH  - Humans
MH  - Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*drug effects/immunology
MH  - Male
MH  - Mice
MH  - Mice, Inbred BALB C
MH  - Monocytes/*drug effects/immunology
MH  - Plant Extracts/*administration & dosage/chemistry
MH  - Plant Leaves/chemistry
MH  - Polysaccharides/*administration & dosage/chemistry/isolation & purification
MH  - Signal Transduction/drug effects
MH  - Toll-Like Receptor 4/antagonists & inhibitors
PMC - PMC3647372
MID - NIHMS458502
EDAT- 2013/02/06 06:00
MHDA- 2013/09/21 06:00
PMCR- 2014/03/01
CRDT- 2013/02/06 06:00
PHST- 2012/11/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/01/09 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/01/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/02/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/02/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/09/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2014/03/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S1567-5769(13)00031-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.015 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int Immunopharmacol. 2013 Mar;15(3):628-37. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.015. 
      Epub 2013 Feb 1.