PMID- 23476007
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130905
LR  - 20220316
IS  - 1558-0210 (Electronic)
IS  - 1534-4320 (Print)
IS  - 1534-4320 (Linking)
VI  - 21
IP  - 2
DP  - 2013 Mar
TI  - Safe direct current stimulation to expand capabilities of neural prostheses.
PG  - 319-28
LID - 10.1109/TNSRE.2013.2245423 [doi]
AB  - While effective in treating some neurological disorders, neuroelectric prostheses 
      are fundamentally limited because they must employ charge-balanced stimuli to 
      avoid evolution of irreversible electrochemical reactions and their byproducts at 
      the interface between metal electrodes and body fluids. Charge-balancing is 
      typically achieved by using brief biphasic alternating current (AC) pulses, which 
      typically excite nearby neural tissues but cannot efficiently inhibit them. In 
      contrast, direct current (DC) applied via a metal electrode in contact with body 
      fluids can excite, inhibit and modulate sensitivity of neurons; however, chronic 
      DC stimulation is incompatible with biology because it violates charge injection 
      limits that have long been considered unavoidable. In this paper, we describe the 
      design and fabrication of a Safe DC Stimulator (SDCS) that overcomes this 
      constraint. The SCDS drives DC ionic current into target tissue via salt-bridge 
      micropipette electrodes by switching valves in phase with AC square waves applied 
      to metal electrodes contained within the device. This approach achieves DC ionic 
      flow through tissue while still adhering to charge-balancing constraints at each 
      electrode-saline interface. We show the SDCS's ability to both inhibit and excite 
      neural activity to achieve improved dynamic range during prosthetic stimulation 
      of the vestibular part of the inner ear in chinchillas.
FAU - Fridman, Gene Y
AU  - Fridman GY
AD  - Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, 
      Baltimore, MD 21208, USA. gfridma1@jhmi.edu
FAU - Della Santina, Charles C
AU  - Della Santina CC
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 DC009255/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01-DC009255/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Evaluation Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PL  - United States
TA  - IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng
JT  - IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a 
      publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
JID - 101097023
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Chinchilla
MH  - Electric Stimulation Therapy/*instrumentation
MH  - Equipment Design
MH  - Equipment Failure Analysis
MH  - Equipment Safety/instrumentation/methods
MH  - *Microelectrodes
MH  - Microfluidics/*instrumentation
MH  - *Neural Prostheses
MH  - Vestibular Nerve/*physiology
PMC - PMC4050981
MID - NIHMS582833
COIS- The terms of these arrangements are being managed by the Johns Hopkins University 
      in accordance with its conflict of interest policies.
EDAT- 2013/03/12 06:00
MHDA- 2013/09/06 06:00
PMCR- 2014/06/10
CRDT- 2013/03/12 06:00
PHST- 2013/03/12 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/03/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/09/06 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2014/06/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1109/TNSRE.2013.2245423 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2013 Mar;21(2):319-28. doi: 
      10.1109/TNSRE.2013.2245423.