PMID- 23562689
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20131127
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 454-455
DP  - 2013 Jun 1
TI  - Dioxin levels in fertilizers from Belgium: determination and evaluation of the 
      potential impact on soil contamination.
PG  - 366-72
LID - S0048-9697(13)00280-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.094 [doi]
AB  - Dioxins are harmful persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to which humans are 
      exposed mostly via the consumption of animal products. They can enter the food 
      chain at any stage, including crop fertilization. Fertilizers belong to several 
      categories: synthetic chemicals providing the essential elements (mostly N, P and 
      K) that are required by the crops but also organic fertilizers or amendments, 
      liming materials, etc. Ninety-seven samples of fertilizers were taken in Belgium 
      during the year 2011 and analyzed after a soft extraction procedure for 
      polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) 
      and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) using GC-IDHRMS. Only small 
      qualitative differences could be observed between the main fertilizer categories 
      since the PCDD:PCDF:DL-PCB average ratio obtained with the results expressed in 
      TEQ was often close to 30:30:40 (typically for sewage sludge) or 40:30:30 
      (typically for compost). The median dioxin levels determined were generally lower 
      than recorded previously and were the highest for sewage sludge and compost (5.6 
      and 5.5 ng TEQ/kg dry weight (dw), respectively). The levels in other fertilizers 
      were lower including manure for which the median value was only 0.2 ng TEQ/kg dw. 
      Several fertilization scenarios relying on the use of those fertilizers were 
      assessed taking into consideration the application conditions prevailing in 
      Belgium. From this assessment it could be concluded that the contribution of 
      fertilizers to the overall soil contamination will be low by comparison of other 
      sources of contamination such as atmospheric depositions. At the field scale, 
      intensive use of compost and sewage sludge will increase dramatically the dioxin 
      inputs compared with other fertilization practices but this kind of emission to 
      the soil will still be relatively low compared to the dioxin atmospheric 
      depositions.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Elskens, M
AU  - Elskens M
AD  - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Elsene, Belgium. 
      melskens@vub.ac.be
FAU - Pussemier, L
AU  - Pussemier L
FAU - Dumortier, P
AU  - Dumortier P
FAU - Van Langenhove, K
AU  - Van Langenhove K
FAU - Scholl, G
AU  - Scholl G
FAU - Goeyens, L
AU  - Goeyens L
FAU - Focant, J F
AU  - Focant JF
LA  - eng
PT  - Evaluation Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20130402
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Benzofurans)
RN  - 0 (Dioxins)
RN  - 0 (Fertilizers)
RN  - 0 (Sewage)
RN  - 0 (Soil)
RN  - 0 (Soil Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Belgium
MH  - Benzofurans/analysis
MH  - Dioxins/*analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Fertilizers/*analysis
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Sewage/analysis
MH  - Soil/chemistry
MH  - Soil Pollutants/*analysis
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
EDAT- 2013/04/09 06:00
MHDA- 2013/12/16 06:00
CRDT- 2013/04/09 06:00
PHST- 2013/01/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/02/27 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/02/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/04/09 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/04/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/12/16 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(13)00280-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.094 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2013 Jun 1;454-455:366-72. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.094. Epub 2013 Apr 2.