PMID- 23574444
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140829
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1873-4286 (Electronic)
IS  - 1381-6128 (Linking)
VI  - 19
IP  - 40
DP  - 2013
TI  - Modulation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine effects by endocannabinoid 
      system.
PG  - 7081-91
AB  - The amphetamine derivative 3, 4 Methylenedioxymethanphetamine (MDMA) is a 
      powerful central nervous system stimulant that displays numerous pharmacological 
      effects, including neurotoxicity. MDMA, or ecstasy, acts by inducing the release 
      of different neurotransmitters depending on the animal species and, in 
      particular, it produces the release of serotonin and dopamine. MDMA induces 
      rewarding and reinforcing effects in rodents, primates and humans, and is 
      currently consumed as an illicit psychostimulant among young people. One of the 
      most reported side effects is the hyperthermic effect and the neurotoxicity on 
      central serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons, depending on the species of 
      animal. It seems that MDMA may also produce neurotoxic effects in humans. To 
      date, the most consistent findings associated to MDMA consumption in humans 
      relate to cognitive deficits in heavy users. MDMA when consumed as an illicit 
      psychostimulant is commonly co-used with other abusers, being frequently 
      associated with cannabinoids. The interaction between MDMA and cannabis effects 
      is complex. Cannabis derivatives act on endocannabinoid system. Thus, at cellular 
      levels, cannabinoids acting through CB1 cannabinoid receptors display opposite 
      effects to those induced by MDMA, and they have been reported to develop 
      neuroprotective actions, including the blockage of MDMA induced neurotoxicity, in 
      laboratory animals. However, cannabis use is a recognized risk factor in the 
      presentation and development of neuropsychiatric disorders, and also contributes 
      to the development of psychological problems and cognitive failures observed in 
      MDMA users. This paper represents a brief overview of the pharmacological 
      interaction between MDMA and cannabis derivatives acting in the endocannabinoid 
      system. We have evaluated recent findings in the literature of the most 
      representative pharmacological effects displayed by both types of drugs. We 
      analyze both, the synergic and opposite effects produced by these two compounds 
      and we have found a gap regarding the negative consequences of long-term human 
      consumption of MDMA alone or in combination with cannabis.
FAU - Valverde, Olga
AU  - Valverde O
AD  - Neurobiology of Behavior Research Group (GReNeC)., Department of Health and 
      Experimental Sciences., University Pompeu Fabra., IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research 
      Institute), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB)., C/ Dr. Aiguader, 08003 
      Barcelona, Spain. olga.valverde@upf.edu.
FAU - Rodriguez-Arias, Marta
AU  - Rodriguez-Arias M
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
PL  - United Arab Emirates
TA  - Curr Pharm Des
JT  - Current pharmaceutical design
JID - 9602487
RN  - 0 (Cannabinoids)
RN  - 0 (Endocannabinoids)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amphetamine-Related Disorders/physiopathology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cannabinoids/adverse effects/*pharmacology
MH  - Cannabis/chemistry
MH  - Cognition Disorders/chemically induced
MH  - Endocannabinoids/*metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Marijuana Abuse/physiopathology
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/administration & dosage/adverse 
      effects/*pharmacology
MH  - Reinforcement, Psychology
MH  - Reward
MH  - Time Factors
EDAT- 2013/04/12 06:00
MHDA- 2014/08/30 06:00
CRDT- 2013/04/12 06:00
PHST- 2013/02/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/04/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/04/12 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/04/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/08/30 06:00 [medline]
AID - CPD-EPUB-20130405-7 [pii]
AID - 10.2174/138161281940131209144331 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(40):7081-91. doi: 10.2174/138161281940131209144331.