PMID- 23636837
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20131223
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1573-904X (Electronic)
IS  - 0724-8741 (Linking)
VI  - 30
IP  - 7
DP  - 2013 Jul
TI  - Distribution and visualisation of chlorhexidine within the skin using ToF-SIMS: a 
      potential platform for the design of more efficacious skin antiseptic 
      formulations.
PG  - 1896-905
LID - 10.1007/s11095-013-1032-5 [doi]
AB  - PURPOSE: In order to increase the efficacy of a topically applied antimicrobial 
      compound the permeation profile, localisation and mechanism of action within the 
      skin must first be investigated. METHODS: Time-of-flight secondary ion mass 
      spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to visualise the distribution of a conventional 
      antimicrobial compound, chlorhexidine digluconate, within porcine skin without 
      the need for laborious preparation, radio-labels or fluorescent tags. RESULTS: 
      High mass resolution and high spatial resolution mass spectra and chemical images 
      were achieved when analysing chlorhexidine digluconate treated cryo-sectioned 
      porcine skin sections by ToF-SIMS. The distribution of chlorhexidine digluconate 
      was mapped throughout the skin sections and our studies indicate that the 
      compound appears to be localised within the stratum corneum. In parallel, tape 
      strips taken from chlorhexidine digluconate treated porcine skin were analysed by 
      ToF-SIMS to support the distribution profile obtained from the skin sections. 
      CONCLUSIONS: ToF-SIMS can act as a powerful complementary technique to map the 
      distribution of topically applied compounds within the skin.
FAU - Judd, Amy M
AU  - Judd AM
AD  - School of Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK. 
      a.m.judd@keele.ac.uk
FAU - Scurr, David J
AU  - Scurr DJ
FAU - Heylings, Jon R
AU  - Heylings JR
FAU - Wan, Ka-Wai
AU  - Wan KW
FAU - Moss, Gary P
AU  - Moss GP
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20130501
PL  - United States
TA  - Pharm Res
JT  - Pharmaceutical research
JID - 8406521
RN  - 0 (Anti-Infective Agents, Local)
RN  - MOR84MUD8E (chlorhexidine gluconate)
RN  - R4KO0DY52L (Chlorhexidine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*pharmacokinetics
MH  - Chlorhexidine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacokinetics
MH  - Skin/*metabolism
MH  - Skin Absorption
MH  - Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion/methods
MH  - Swine
EDAT- 2013/05/03 06:00
MHDA- 2013/12/24 06:00
CRDT- 2013/05/03 06:00
PHST- 2012/11/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/03/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/05/03 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/05/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/12/24 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s11095-013-1032-5 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pharm Res. 2013 Jul;30(7):1896-905. doi: 10.1007/s11095-013-1032-5. Epub 2013 May 
      1.