PMID- 23668810
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140106
LR  - 20130514
IS  - 1545-9632 (Electronic)
IS  - 1545-9624 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 7
DP  - 2013
TI  - Antineoplastic drug contamination of surfaces throughout the hospital medication 
      system in Canadian hospitals.
PG  - 374-83
LID - 10.1080/15459624.2013.789743 [doi]
AB  - We previously reported that there is a potential for antineoplastic drug 
      contamination throughout the hospital medication system (process flow of drug 
      within a facility from delivery to waste disposal) due to the various surfaces 
      contacted by health care workers. This article describes the contamination of 
      these frequently contacted surfaces as well as identifies factors that may be 
      associated with surface contamination. Surfaces which health care workers 
      frequently contact were wiped and the concentration of cyclophosphamide (CP) was 
      determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. 
      Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. A backward 
      stepwise multiple linear regression was conducted to identify determinants 
      associated with surface contamination. Overall, 229 surfaces were sampled, most 
      on two occasions, for a total of 438 surface wipes. The mean CP concentration was 
      0.201 ng/cm(2), the geometric mean 0.019 ng/cm(2), and the geometric standard 
      deviation 2.54, with a range of less than detection (LOD) to 26.1 ng/cm(2). 
      (Method LOD was 0.356 ng/wipe; factoring in the surface area of the wiped 
      surface, results in a sample LOD ranging from 0.00 to 0.049 ng/cm(2)). Our study 
      found that frequently contacted surfaces at every stage of the hospital 
      medication system had measureable levels of antineoplastic drug contamination. 
      Two factors were statistically significant with respect to their association with 
      surface contamination: (1) the stage of the hospital medication system, and (2) 
      the number of job categories responsible for drug transport. The drug preparation 
      stage had the highest average contamination. Those hospitals that had two or more 
      drug transport job categories had higher levels of surface contamination. Neither 
      the reported handling of CP prior to wipe sampling nor the cleaning of surfaces 
      appeared to be associated with contamination.
FAU - Hon, Chun-Yip
AU  - Hon CY
AD  - School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 
      Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. cyhon@ryerson.ca
FAU - Teschke, Kay
AU  - Teschke K
FAU - Chu, Winnie
AU  - Chu W
FAU - Demers, Paul
AU  - Demers P
FAU - Venners, Scott
AU  - Venners S
LA  - eng
GR  - Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - England
TA  - J Occup Environ Hyg
JT  - Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene
JID - 101189458
RN  - 0 (Antineoplastic Agents)
RN  - 8N3DW7272P (Cyclophosphamide)
SB  - IM
MH  - Antineoplastic Agents/*analysis
MH  - Canada
MH  - Cyclophosphamide/*analysis
MH  - *Hospitals
MH  - Linear Models
MH  - *Medication Systems, Hospital
MH  - Occupational Exposure/*analysis
MH  - Workplace
EDAT- 2013/05/15 06:00
MHDA- 2014/01/07 06:00
CRDT- 2013/05/15 06:00
PHST- 2013/05/15 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/05/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/01/07 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1080/15459624.2013.789743 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Occup Environ Hyg. 2013;10(7):374-83. doi: 10.1080/15459624.2013.789743.