PMID- 23680971
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20130827
LR  - 20141120
IS  - 2168-619X (Electronic)
IS  - 2168-6181 (Linking)
VI  - 139
IP  - 6
DP  - 2013 Jun
TI  - Disinfection of rigid nasal endoscopes following in vitro contamination with 
      Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 
      Haemophilus influenzae.
PG  - 574-8
LID - 10.1001/jamaoto.2013.3016 [doi]
AB  - IMPORTANCE: If not adequately cleaned, rigid nasal endoscopes (RNEs) have the 
      potential to cause iatrogenic cross-contamination. OBJECTIVE: To test the 
      efficacy of various disinfection methods in reducing bacterial load on RNEs in 
      vitro. DESIGN AND SETTING: In vitro model. INTERVENTIONS: Staphylococcus aureus, 
      Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus influenzae 
      contamination was separately induced on RNEs in vitro. Two experimental sets were 
      completed. The RNEs were disinfected using the following protocols: 30-second 
      scrub with antimicrobial soap (ABS) and water, 30-second scrub with 70% isopropyl 
      alcohol (IA), 30-second scrub with ABS followed by 30-second scrub with IA, 
      30-second scrub with germicidal cloth, isolated 5-minute soak in an enzymatic 
      soap solution, 5- and 10-minute soaks in ortho-phthalaldehyde, 0.55%, solution 
      (Cidex OPA), and isolated 30-second rinse with tap water, all with 30-second 
      precleaning and postcleaning rinses with tap water. Two sets of experiments 
      (experiment sets A and B) were carried out with a 30-second tap water rinse after 
      inoculation of each RNE. This was followed by immediate cleaning in set A and a 
      1-hour air-dry delay in set B. Otherwise there were no differences in the 
      disinfection protocols between sets for each method noted. MAIN OUTCOMES AND 
      MEASURES: Effectiveness of various disinfection protocols in cleaning rigid nasal 
      endoscopes experimentally inoculated with bacteria commonly found in the upper 
      aerodigestive tract. Positive cultures following disinfection indicated 
      ineffective or incomplete disinfection. RESULTS: Most cleaning methods were 
      effective in eliminating S aureus, S pneumoniae, and H influenzae from the scopes 
      following experimental contamination. Continued growth of P aeruginosa was found 
      after all of the disinfection trials in experiment set A with the exception of a 
      10-minute immersion in Cidex OPA, and in set B except for the 10-minute Cidex OPA 
      immersion and ABS plus IA trials. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Most cleaning 
      methods used in our trials appear to properly disinfect RNEs after in vitro 
      inoculation with S aureus, S pneumoniae, and H influenzae. However, it appears 
      that disinfectants may be less effective in cleaning rigid scopes experimentally 
      inoculated with P aeruginosa. There is a paucity of published data regarding 
      cross-contamination during rigid nasal endoscopy, and these results should guide 
      future studies and to some extent practice to avoid iatrogenic spread of 
      contamination.
FAU - Bradford, Benjamin D
AU  - Bradford BD
AD  - Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma 
      Linda, CA 92354, USA.
FAU - Seiberling, Kristin A
AU  - Seiberling KA
FAU - Park, Francine E
AU  - Park FE
FAU - Hiebert, Jared C
AU  - Hiebert JC
FAU - Chang, Dennis F
AU  - Chang DF
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
JT  - JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery
JID - 101589542
RN  - 0 (Disinfectants)
RN  - 0 (Soaps)
RN  - 643-79-8 (o-Phthalaldehyde)
RN  - T3C89M417N (Glutaral)
SB  - IM
MH  - Cross Infection/microbiology/*prevention & control
MH  - Disinfectants/*pharmacology
MH  - Disinfection/*methods
MH  - Endoscopes/*microbiology
MH  - Equipment Contamination/*prevention & control
MH  - Glutaral/*pharmacology
MH  - Haemophilus influenzae/*growth & development
MH  - Humans
MH  - In Vitro Techniques
MH  - Nose/microbiology
MH  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*growth & development
MH  - Soaps/*pharmacology
MH  - Staphylococcus aureus/*growth & development
MH  - Streptococcus pneumoniae/*growth & development
MH  - o-Phthalaldehyde/*pharmacology
EDAT- 2013/05/18 06:00
MHDA- 2013/08/28 06:00
CRDT- 2013/05/18 06:00
PHST- 2013/05/18 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/05/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/08/28 06:00 [medline]
AID - 1686143 [pii]
AID - 10.1001/jamaoto.2013.3016 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013 Jun;139(6):574-8. doi: 
      10.1001/jamaoto.2013.3016.