PMID- 23684991
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140729
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1873-7064 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-3908 (Print)
IS  - 0028-3908 (Linking)
VI  - 76 Pt B
IP  - 0 0
DP  - 2014 Jan
TI  - A mechanistic hypothesis of the factors that enhance vulnerability to nicotine 
      use in females.
PG  - 566-80
LID - S0028-3908(13)00201-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.055 [doi]
AB  - Women are particularly more vulnerable to tobacco use than men. This review 
      proposes a unifying hypothesis that females experience greater rewarding effects 
      of nicotine and more intense stress produced by withdrawal than males. We also 
      provide a neural framework whereby estrogen promotes greater rewarding effects of 
      nicotine in females via enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens 
      (NAcc). During withdrawal, we suggest that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) 
      stress systems are sensitized and promote a greater suppression of dopamine 
      release in the NAcc of females versus males. Taken together, females display 
      enhanced nicotine reward via estrogen and amplified effects of withdrawal via 
      stress systems. Although this framework focuses on sex differences in adult rats, 
      it is also applied to adolescent females who display enhanced rewarding effects 
      of nicotine, but reduced effects of withdrawal from this drug. Since females 
      experience strong rewarding effects of nicotine, a clinical implication of our 
      hypothesis is that specific strategies to prevent smoking initiation among 
      females are critical. Also, anxiolytic medications may be more effective in 
      females that experience intense stress during withdrawal. Furthermore, 
      medications that target withdrawal should not be applied in a unilateral manner 
      across age and sex, given that nicotine withdrawal is lower during adolescence. 
      This review highlights key factors that promote nicotine use in females, and 
      future studies on sex-dependent interactions of stress and reward systems are 
      needed to test our mechanistic hypotheses. Future studies in this area will have 
      important translational value toward reducing health disparities produced by 
      nicotine use in females. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 
      40th Anniversary Issue'.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - O'Dell, Laura E
AU  - O'Dell LE
AD  - Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, 
      USA. Electronic address: lodell@utep.edu.
FAU - Torres, Oscar V
AU  - Torres OV
LA  - eng
GR  - R25-DA033613/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R25 DA033613/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 DA021274/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - G12MD007592/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R24-DA029989/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - G12 MD007592/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R24 DA029989/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01-DA021274/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20130517
PL  - England
TA  - Neuropharmacology
JT  - Neuropharmacology
JID - 0236217
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adolescent Behavior/psychology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - *Reward
MH  - *Sex Characteristics
MH  - Tobacco Use Disorder/*etiology/*psychology
PMC - PMC3812395
MID - NIHMS482434
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Adolescent
OT  - Dependence
OT  - Reward
OT  - Sex
OT  - Tobacco
OT  - Withdrawal
EDAT- 2013/05/21 06:00
MHDA- 2014/07/30 06:00
PMCR- 2015/01/01
CRDT- 2013/05/21 06:00
PHST- 2013/02/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/04/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/04/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/05/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/05/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/07/30 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2015/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0028-3908(13)00201-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.055 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Neuropharmacology. 2014 Jan;76 Pt B(0 0):566-80. doi: 
      10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.055. Epub 2013 May 17.