PMID- 23707531
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140127
LR  - 20130702
IS  - 1873-3913 (Electronic)
IS  - 0898-6568 (Linking)
VI  - 25
IP  - 9
DP  - 2013 Sep
TI  - Cardiovascular pleiotropic actions of DPP-4 inhibitors: a step at the cutting 
      edge in understanding their additional therapeutic potentials.
PG  - 1799-803
LID - S0898-6568(13)00134-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.009 [doi]
AB  - Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease enzyme expressed widely in 
      many tissues, including the cardiovascular system. The incretin hormones such as 
      glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide 
      (GIP) are released from the small intestine into the vasculature during a meal, 
      and these incretins have a potential to release insulin from pancreatic beta 
      cells of islets of Langerhans, affording a glucose-lowering action. However, both 
      incretins are hurriedly degraded by the DPP-4. Inhibitors of DPP-4, therefore, 
      enhance the bioavailability of GLP-1 and GIP, and thus have been approved for 
      better glycemic management in patients afflicted with type 2 diabetes mellitus 
      (T2DM). Five different DPP-4 inhibitors, often called as 'gliptins', namely 
      sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin and alogliptin have been 
      approved hitherto for clinical use. These drugs are used along with diet and 
      exercise to lower blood sugar in diabetic subjects. T2DM is intricately related 
      with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Growing body of evidence 
      suggests that gliptins, in addition to their persuasive anti-diabetic action, 
      have a beneficial pleiotropic action on the heart and vessels. In view of the 
      fact of cardiovascular disease susceptibility of patients afflicted with T2DM, 
      gliptins might offer additional therapeutic benefits in treating diabetic 
      cardiovascular complications. Exploring further the cardiovascular pleiotropic 
      potentials of gliptins might open a panorama in impeccably employing these agents 
      for the dual management of T2DM and T2DM-associated perilous cardiovascular 
      complications. This review will shed lights on the newly identified beneficial 
      pleiotropic actions of gliptins on the cardiovascular system.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Balakumar, Pitchai
AU  - Balakumar P
AD  - Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, 
      Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia. pbala2006@gmail.com
FAU - Dhanaraj, Sokkalingam A
AU  - Dhanaraj SA
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20130522
PL  - England
TA  - Cell Signal
JT  - Cellular signalling
JID - 8904683
RN  - 0 (Cardiovascular Agents)
RN  - 0 (Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors)
RN  - 0 (Hypoglycemic Agents)
RN  - EC 3.4.14.5 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
MH  - Cardiovascular Diseases/*complications/*drug therapy/enzymology
MH  - Cardiovascular System/drug effects/enzymology
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*complications/*drug therapy/enzymology
MH  - Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism
MH  - Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
EDAT- 2013/05/28 06:00
MHDA- 2014/01/28 06:00
CRDT- 2013/05/28 06:00
PHST- 2013/03/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/05/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/05/28 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/05/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/01/28 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0898-6568(13)00134-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.009 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Cell Signal. 2013 Sep;25(9):1799-803. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.009. Epub 
      2013 May 22.