PMID- 23754681
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140114
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1433-9285 (Electronic)
IS  - 0933-7954 (Linking)
VI  - 48
IP  - 10
DP  - 2013 Oct
TI  - The societal cost of bipolar disorder in Sweden.
PG  - 1601-10
LID - 10.1007/s00127-013-0724-9 [doi]
AB  - PURPOSE: There is a lack of comprehensive cost-of-illness studies in bipolar 
      disorder, in particular studies based on patient-level data. The purpose of this 
      study was to estimate the societal cost of bipolar disorder and to relate costs 
      to disease severity, depressive episodes, hospitalisation and patient 
      functioning. METHODS: Retrospective resource use data in inpatient and outpatient 
      care during 2006-2008, as well as ICD-10 diagnoses and Global Assessment of 
      Functioning (GAF) scores, were obtained from the Northern Stockholm psychiatric 
      clinic with a catchment area including 47% of the adult inhabitants in Stockholm. 
      This dataset was combined with national register data on prescription 
      pharmaceuticals and sick leave to estimate the societal cost of bipolar disorder. 
      The study was conducted from a societal perspective, with indirect costs valued 
      according to the human capital method. RESULTS: The average annual cost per 
      patient was <euro>28,011 in 2008 (n = 1,846). Indirect costs due to sick leave 
      and early retirement represented 75%, inpatient costs 13%, outpatient costs 8%, 
      pharmaceuticals 2% and community care another 2% of the total cost. Total costs 
      were considerably higher during mood episodes (six times higher than in 
      remission), for hospitalised patients (<euro>55,500 vs. <euro>22,200) and for 
      patients with low GAF scores. CONCLUSIONS: The high cost of bipolar disorder is 
      driven primarily by indirect costs. Costs were strongly associated with mood 
      episodes, hospitalisations and low GAF scores. This suggests that treatment that 
      reduces the risk for relapses and hospitalizations and improve functioning may 
      decrease both the societal cost of bipolar disorder and patient suffering.
FAU - Ekman, Mattias
AU  - Ekman M
AD  - OptumInsight, Stockholm, Sweden, mattias.ekman@astrazeneca.com.
FAU - Granstrom, Ola
AU  - Granstrom O
FAU - Omerov, Sead
AU  - Omerov S
FAU - Jacob, Johanna
AU  - Jacob J
FAU - Landen, Mikael
AU  - Landen M
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20130611
PL  - Germany
TA  - Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol
JT  - Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
JID - 8804358
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Ambulatory Care/economics
MH  - Bipolar Disorder/*economics/epidemiology/psychology/therapy
MH  - *Cost of Illness
MH  - Direct Service Costs/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Female
MH  - *Health Care Costs
MH  - Hospitalization/economics
MH  - Humans
MH  - International Classification of Diseases
MH  - Male
MH  - Mental Health Services/*economics
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Retrospective Studies
MH  - Severity of Illness Index
MH  - Sick Leave/economics/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Socioeconomic Factors
MH  - Sweden/epidemiology
EDAT- 2013/06/12 06:00
MHDA- 2014/01/15 06:00
CRDT- 2013/06/12 06:00
PHST- 2012/01/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/05/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/06/12 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/06/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/01/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s00127-013-0724-9 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013 Oct;48(10):1601-10. doi: 
      10.1007/s00127-013-0724-9. Epub 2013 Jun 11.