PMID- 23783510
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20141201
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1468-3318 (Electronic)
IS  - 0964-4563 (Linking)
VI  - 23
IP  - 3
DP  - 2014 May
TI  - Dependence measures for non-cigarette tobacco products within the context of the 
      global epidemic: a systematic review.
PG  - 197-203
LID - 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050641 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Validated metrics of tobacco dependence exist, but their value for 
      global surveillance of tobacco dependence and development of tobacco control 
      interventions is not well understood. This paper reviews tobacco dependence 
      metrics for non-cigarette products, and whether measures of tobacco dependence 
      have been validated in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC). DATA 
      SOURCES: Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL and 
      Global Health databases using variant terms for types of tobacco, dependence, 
      measures and validity/reliability. Articles discussing dependence theories and/or 
      metrics were fully reviewed and synthesised. STUDY SELECTION: Searches yielded 
      2702 unique articles. Two independent coders identified 587 articles for abstract 
      review, and 229 were subsequently fully reviewed. Findings from 50 eligible 
      papers are summarised. DATA EXTRACTION: An initial thematic analysis concentrated 
      on four concepts: general tobacco dependence, dependence metrics, tobacco 
      dependence in LMIC and dependence on non-cigarette tobacco. DATA SYNTHESIS: 
      Analysis identified 14 distinct tobacco dependence instruments. Existing metrics 
      treat tobacco dependence as multifaceted. Measures have been developed almost 
      exclusively around cigarette smoking, although some validation and application 
      across products has occurred. Where cross-national validation has occurred, 
      however, this has rarely included LMIC. CONCLUSIONS: For purposes of global 
      surveillance of tobacco dependence, there is a compelling need for validated 
      measures to apply universally across social contexts and a multitude of tobacco 
      products. Alternatively, effective tobacco control interventions require 
      validated dependence measures that integrate specific behavioural elements and 
      social context of product use. While different measures of dependence are 
      required to fulfil each of these goals, both have value in addressing the global 
      tobacco epidemic.
FAU - De Leon, Elaine
AU  - De Leon E
AD  - Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of 
      Public Health, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, , Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
FAU - Smith, Katherine Clegg
AU  - Smith KC
FAU - Cohen, Joanna E
AU  - Cohen JE
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
PT  - Systematic Review
DEP - 20130619
PL  - England
TA  - Tob Control
JT  - Tobacco control
JID - 9209612
SB  - IM
MH  - Developing Countries
MH  - Humans
MH  - Public Health Surveillance/*methods
MH  - Smoking
MH  - *Tobacco Products
MH  - *Tobacco Use
MH  - *Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Addiction
OT  - Low/Middle income country
OT  - Non-cigarette tobacco products
EDAT- 2013/06/21 06:00
MHDA- 2014/12/15 06:00
CRDT- 2013/06/21 06:00
PHST- 2013/06/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/06/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/12/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - tobaccocontrol-2012-050641 [pii]
AID - 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050641 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Tob Control. 2014 May;23(3):197-203. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050641. 
      Epub 2013 Jun 19.