PMID- 23890650
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140605
LR  - 20130729
IS  - 1872-6283 (Electronic)
IS  - 0379-0738 (Linking)
VI  - 231
IP  - 1-3
DP  - 2013 Sep 10
TI  - Increases in use of novel synthetic stimulant are not directly linked to 
      decreased use of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA).
PG  - 278-83
LID - S0379-0738(13)00329-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.06.007 [doi]
AB  - A decline in 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) use in Adelaide, 
      Australia from 2009 to 2010 was confirmed by us previously. Reports suggested 
      that the shortage in MDMA supply was associated with an increased prevalence of 
      other synthetic stimulants, but quantitative measurements were unavailable. To 
      obtain objective data on the community use of synthetic stimulants, we collected 
      wastewater samples from multiple treatment plants in Adelaide, Australia from 
      2009 to 2011 and analysed them using solid-phase extraction/liquid 
      chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS), targeting MDMA and some 
      of the most reported synthetic cathinones and piperazines. Data were temporally 
      compared. MDMA and six other synthetic stimulants were detected and quantified in 
      wastewater samples. While MDMA level decreased markedly from 2009 to 2010 and 
      remained low in 2011, localized increased use of mephedrone, methylone, 
      methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), benzylpiperazine (BZP), 
      3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP), but not methcathinone, was observed in 
      2010 and 2011. This suggested that the decline in MDMA use was associated with an 
      increase in the use of a number of other synthetic stimulants. However, the lag 
      time from the decrease in MDMA to the increase in use of a number of these 
      stimulants, together with the highly regionalized use of all synthetic stimulants 
      except methcathinone indicates that there was no direct population wide 
      substitution in response to the reduction in MDMA.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Chen, Chang
AU  - Chen C
AD  - Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of 
      Adelaide, Australia. chang.chen@adelaide.edu.au
FAU - Kostakis, Chris
AU  - Kostakis C
FAU - Irvine, Rodney J
AU  - Irvine RJ
FAU - White, Jason M
AU  - White JM
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20130705
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Forensic Sci Int
JT  - Forensic science international
JID - 7902034
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - MDMA
OT  - New psychoactive substance
OT  - Stability
OT  - Synthetic stimulant
OT  - Temporal comparison
OT  - Wastewater
EDAT- 2013/07/31 06:00
MHDA- 2013/07/31 06:01
CRDT- 2013/07/30 06:00
PHST- 2013/03/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/05/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/06/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/07/30 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/07/31 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2013/07/31 06:01 [medline]
AID - S0379-0738(13)00329-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.06.007 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Forensic Sci Int. 2013 Sep 10;231(1-3):278-83. doi: 
      10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.06.007. Epub 2013 Jul 5.