PMID- 23939676
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140228
LR  - 20130813
IS  - 1097-0029 (Electronic)
IS  - 1059-910X (Linking)
VI  - 74
IP  - 9
DP  - 2011 Sep
TI  - MDMA (ecstasy) enhances loud noise-induced morphofunctional alterations in heart 
      and adrenal gland.
PG  - 874-87
LID - 10.1002/jemt.20971 [doi]
AB  - Noise is an environmental stressor increasingly more present in modern life and, 
      in particular, in a variety of recreational contexts. The aim of this work is to 
      show the effects of noise on the myocardium and adrenal gland, through a careful 
      review of the literature dealing with the peripheral effects of noise exposure in 
      experimental and clinical studies. Noise induces adverse effects in human health, 
      principally involving the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems, and the 
      endocrine apparatus. Several factors in recreational environments potentially 
      worsen the effects induced by loud noise. Among these, the intake of 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is frequently associated with noise 
      exposure in recreational situations, because of its high compliance within social 
      and relaxation settings. For this reason, MDMA is defined as a club drug--as its 
      intake by young people often occurs in association with other factors, such as 
      aggregation, high temperatures, and noise. It is known that self-administration 
      of MDMA by humans causes severe toxicity. In particular, the myocardium is 
      affected early after MDMA intake--resulting in tachycardia, hypertension, and 
      arrhythmia. Furthermore, MDMA alters the activity of the adrenal glands by 
      elevating catecholamines and corticosterone levels. This review shows that 
      combining MDMA and loud noise exposure potentiates the effects that are produced 
      by each single stimulant alone as seen in experimental animal models. The 
      convergence of the effects of prolonged loud noise exposure and the consumption 
      of MDMA on the same system might explain the sudden fatal events that happen in 
      recreational situations.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
FAU - Fulceri, Federica
AU  - Fulceri F
AD  - Department of Human Morphology and Applied Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 
      Italy.
FAU - Ferrucci, Michela
AU  - Ferrucci M
FAU - Lenzi, Paola
AU  - Lenzi P
FAU - Soldani, Paola
AU  - Soldani P
FAU - Bartalucci, Alessia
AU  - Bartalucci A
FAU - Paparelli, Antonio
AU  - Paparelli A
FAU - Gesi, Marco
AU  - Gesi M
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20101216
PL  - United States
TA  - Microsc Res Tech
JT  - Microscopy research and technique
JID - 9203012
RN  - 0 (Hallucinogens)
RN  - KE1SEN21RM (N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adrenal Glands/*drug effects
MH  - Animals
MH  - Hallucinogens/*pharmacology
MH  - Heart/*drug effects
MH  - Humans
MH  - N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/*pharmacology
MH  - *Noise
MH  - Stress, Physiological/*drug effects
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - amphetamine derivatives
OT  - catecholamine
OT  - environmental stress
OT  - myocardium
OT  - ultrastructure
EDAT- 2011/09/01 00:00
MHDA- 2014/03/01 06:00
CRDT- 2013/08/14 06:00
PHST- 2010/09/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2010/10/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/08/14 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2011/09/01 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/03/01 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1002/jemt.20971 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Microsc Res Tech. 2011 Sep;74(9):874-87. doi: 10.1002/jemt.20971. Epub 2010 Dec 
      16.