PMID- 23993837
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140813
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 470-471
DP  - 2014 Feb 1
TI  - Occurrence of PBDEs and other alternative brominated flame retardants in sludge 
      from wastewater treatment plants in Korea.
PG  - 1422-9
LID - S0048-9697(13)00902-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.118 [doi]
AB  - Studies on the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other 
      alternative brominated flame retardants in the environment are scarce. In this 
      study, PBDEs and non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), including 
      decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane 
      (BTBPE), were measured in sludge collected from three types of wastewater 
      treatment plants (WWTPs) in Korea. Total concentrations of PBDEs ( summation operatorPBDE) in 
      sludge ranged from 298 to 48,000 (mean: 3240) ng/g dry weight. Among 10 NBFRs 
      analyzed, DBDPE and BTBPE were the only ones detected in sludge samples. 
      Concentrations of DBDPE and BTBPE ranged from <LOQ to 3100 (mean: 237) ng/g dry 
      weight and from <LOQ to 21.0 (mean: 1.57) ng/g dry weight, respectively. 
      Concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE determined in sludge were higher than those 
      reported in other countries. The highest concentrations of  summation operatorPBDE and DBDPE were 
      found in sludge samples originated from industrial-WWTPs (I-WWTPs), suggesting 
      that industrial activities are a major source of these contaminants. 
      Non-parametric multidimensional scaling ordination showed that congener profiles 
      of PBDEs in sludge are dependent on the types of WWTPs. Almost all sludge samples 
      contained a low ratio (mean: 0.18) of DBDPE/BDE 209, indicating an on-going 
      contamination by PBDEs in Korea. However, the high ratios (>1) of DBDPE/BDE 209 
      were found in sludge from I-WWTPs, reflecting a shift in the usage pattern of 
      BFRs by the Korean industry. The nationwide annual emission fluxes of  summation operatorPBDE, 
      DBDPE and BTBPE via WWTPs to the environment were estimated to be 7400, 480, and 
      3.7 kg/year, respectively. This is the first study on the occurrence of 
      alternative brominated flame retardants in sludge from Korea.
CI  - (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Lee, Sunggyu
AU  - Lee S
AD  - Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and 
      Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Song, Geum-Ju
AU  - Song GJ
AD  - Institute of Environmental and Energy Technology, Pohang University of Science 
      and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Kannan, Kurunthachalam
AU  - Kannan K
AD  - Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of 
      Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New 
      York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
FAU - Moon, Hyo-Bang
AU  - Moon HB
AD  - Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and 
      Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea. Electronic 
      address: hbmoon@hanyang.ac.kr.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20130829
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Sewage)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Flame Retardants/*analysis
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*analysis
MH  - Republic of Korea
MH  - Sewage/*chemistry
MH  - Waste Disposal, Fluid
MH  - Wastewater/*chemistry
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - BTBPE
OT  - DBDPE
OT  - Flame retardants
OT  - PBDE
OT  - Sludge
OT  - WWTP
EDAT- 2013/09/03 06:00
MHDA- 2014/08/15 06:00
CRDT- 2013/09/03 06:00
PHST- 2013/06/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/07/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/07/30 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/09/03 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/09/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/08/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0048-9697(13)00902-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.118 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2014 Feb 1;470-471:1422-9. doi: 
      10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.118. Epub 2013 Aug 29.