PMID- 24040974
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140501
LR  - 20210112
IS  - 1872-6623 (Electronic)
IS  - 0304-3959 (Linking)
VI  - 154
IP  - 10
DP  - 2013 Oct
TI  - Modulation of the human nociceptive flexion reflex by pleasant and unpleasant 
      odors.
PG  - 2054-2059
LID - 10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.032 [doi]
AB  - The nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR), a defensive response that allows 
      withdrawal from a noxious stimulus, is a reliable index of spinal nociception in 
      humans. It has been shown that various kinds of stimuli (emotional, visual, 
      auditory) can modulate the transmission and perception of pain. The aim of the 
      present study was to evaluate, by means of the NWR, the modulatory effect on the 
      spinal circuitry of olfactory stimuli with different emotional valence. The 
      magnitude of the NWR elicited by electrical stimulation of the sural nerve was 
      measured while 18 subjects (9 women, 9 men) smelled pleasant, unpleasant, or 
      neutral odors. The NWR was conditioned by odor probe with interstimulus intervals 
      (ISIs) of 500 ms and 1,500 ms. The magnitude of NWR was significantly greater 
      after the unpleasant odor probe (P <.001) and reduced following the pleasant odor 
      probe (P<.001) at both ISIs. A significant effect of olfactory stimuli on 
      subjective pain ratings were found at both ISIs for pleasant vs unpleasant odors 
      (P<.000), and for both pleasant and unpleasant odors vs neutral and basal 
      conditions (P<.000). No statistical differences in subjective pain ratings at 
      different ISIs were found. Consistent with the notion that NWR magnitude and pain 
      perception can be modulated by stimuli with different emotional valence, these 
      results show that olfactory stimuli, too, can modulate spinal nociception in 
      humans.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2013 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by 
      Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Bartolo, Michelangelo
AU  - Bartolo M
AD  - NeuroRehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Neurological Mediterranean Institute NEUROMED, 
      Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy University Center for Adaptive Disorders and Head pain 
      (UCADH), Pavia, Italy Neurorehabilitation Unit, "Sapienza" University of Rome 
      Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy Rehabilitation Center, Policlinico Italia, Rome, 
      Italy Laboratory of Nociceptive Psychophysiology, Casimiro Mondino National 
      Institute of Neurology Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy Center of Audiology and 
      Hearing Rehabilitation, Tbilisi, Georgia Tbilisi State Medical University, 
      Tbilisi, Georgia IRCCS Neurological Mediterranean Institute NEUROMED, Pozzilli, 
      Isernia, Italy Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milan, Italy Headache Science Center, 
      Casimiro Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy 
      Department of Public Health, Neuroscience, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, 
      University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
FAU - Serrao, Mariano
AU  - Serrao M
FAU - Gamgebeli, Zurab
AU  - Gamgebeli Z
FAU - Alpaidze, Marina
AU  - Alpaidze M
FAU - Perrotta, Armando
AU  - Perrotta A
FAU - Padua, Luca
AU  - Padua L
FAU - Pierelli, Francesco
AU  - Pierelli F
FAU - Nappi, Giuseppe
AU  - Nappi G
FAU - Sandrini, Giorgio
AU  - Sandrini G
LA  - eng
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - Pain
JT  - Pain
JID - 7508686
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
MH  - Electric Stimulation/methods
MH  - Emotions/*physiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - *Odorants
MH  - Pain/*prevention & control/psychology
MH  - Pain Measurement/*methods/psychology
MH  - Pleasure/physiology
MH  - Smell/*physiology
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Nociception
OT  - Nociceptive withdrawal reflex
OT  - Odor olfactory stimulation
OT  - Olfactory
EDAT- 2013/09/18 06:00
MHDA- 2014/05/03 06:00
CRDT- 2013/09/18 06:00
PHST- 2013/01/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/06/01 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/06/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/09/18 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/09/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/05/03 06:00 [medline]
AID - 00006396-201310000-00023 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.032 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pain. 2013 Oct;154(10):2054-2059. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.032.