PMID- 24072479
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140612
LR  - 20220331
IS  - 1539-0829 (Electronic)
IS  - 1534-4827 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 6
DP  - 2013 Dec
TI  - The emerging global epidemic of type 1 diabetes.
PG  - 795-804
LID - 10.1007/s11892-013-0433-5 [doi]
AB  - Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) can occur at any age, with a peak in incidence 
      around puberty. Classification between T1D and type 2 diabetes becomes more 
      challenging with increasing age of onset of T1D over time develops in genetically 
      predisposed individuals. The main susceptibility is conferred with human 
      leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. Some of the geographic variation in incidence and 
      familial aggregation is explained by differences in HLA haplotypes. In many 
      populations, the incidence is somewhat higher in males than in females, and a 
      1.3- to 2.0-fold male excess in incidence after about 15 years of age exists in 
      most populations. The incidence of childhood-onset T1D varies markedly among 
      countries. East Asian and native American populations have low incidences 
      (approximately 0.1-8 per 100 000/year), while the highest rates are found in 
      Finland (>60 per 100 000/year), Sardinia (40 per 100 000/year), and Sweden (47 
      per 100 000/year). The risk is highest in European-derived populations. About 
      10 %-20 % of newly diagnosed childhood cases of T1D have an affected first-degree 
      relative. Those with an affected sibling or parent have a cumulative risk of 
      3 %-7 % up to about 20 years of age, as compared with <1 % in the general 
      population. The cumulative incidence among the monozygotic co-twins of persons 
      with T1D is less than 50 %. Thus, the majority of genetically predisposed people 
      do not develop T1D. Studies assessing temporal trends have shown that the 
      incidence of childhood-onset T1D has increased in all parts of the world. The 
      average relative increase is 3 %-4 % per calendar year. For instance, in Finland, 
      the incidence today is 5 times higher than 60 years ago. At the same time, the 
      age at onset of T1D in children has become younger. It is strongly believed that 
      nongenetic factors are important for the development of T1D and its increase, but 
      the causative evidence is missing. The causes for this increasing trend and 
      current epidemic still remain unknown.
FAU - Tuomilehto, Jaakko
AU  - Tuomilehto J
AD  - Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Dr-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 
      30, 3500, Krems, Austria, Jaakko.tuomilehto@donau-uni.ac.at.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Curr Diab Rep
JT  - Current diabetes reports
JID - 101093791
SB  - IM
MH  - Age Distribution
MH  - Age of Onset
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*epidemiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Incidence
MH  - Male
MH  - Sex Distribution
EDAT- 2013/09/28 06:00
MHDA- 2014/06/13 06:00
CRDT- 2013/09/28 06:00
PHST- 2013/09/28 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/09/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/06/13 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s11892-013-0433-5 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Curr Diab Rep. 2013 Dec;13(6):795-804. doi: 10.1007/s11892-013-0433-5.