PMID- 24183593
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140603
LR  - 20131115
IS  - 1873-3778 (Electronic)
IS  - 0021-9673 (Linking)
VI  - 1319
DP  - 2013 Dec 6
TI  - Selective pressurized liquid extraction of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls 
      and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a whale earplug (earwax): a novel method 
      for analyzing organic contaminants in lipid-rich matrices.
PG  - 14-20
LID - S0021-9673(13)01623-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.023 [doi]
AB  - Lipid-rich matrices are often sinks for lipophilic contaminants, such as 
      pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers 
      (PBDEs). Typically methods for contaminant extraction and cleanup for lipid-rich 
      matrices require multiple cleanup steps; however, a selective pressurized liquid 
      extraction (SPLE) technique requiring no additional cleanup has been developed 
      for the simultaneous extraction and cleanup of whale earwax (cerumen; a 
      lipid-rich matrix). Whale earwax accumulates in select whale species over their 
      lifetime to form wax earplugs. Typically used as an aging technique in cetaceans, 
      layers or laminae that comprise the earplug are thought to be associated with 
      annual or semiannual migration and feeding patterns. Whale earplugs (earwax) 
      represent a unique matrix capable of recording and archiving whales' lifetime 
      contaminant profiles. This study reports the first analytical method developed 
      for identifying and quantifying lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 
      in a whale earplug including organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls 
      (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The analytical method was 
      developed using SPLE to extract contaminants from  approximately 0.25 to 0.5g aliquots of each 
      lamina of sectioned earplug. The SPLE was optimized for cleanup adsorbents (basic 
      alumina, silica gel, and Florisil((R))), adsorbent to sample ratio, and adsorbent 
      order. In the optimized SPLE method, the earwax homogenate was placed within the 
      extraction cell on top of basic alumina (5g), silica gel (15g), and Florisil((R)) 
      (10g) and the target analytes were extracted from the homogenate using 1:1 (v/v) 
      dichloromethane:hexane. POPs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass 
      spectrometry with electron capture negative ionization and electron impact 
      ionization. The average percent recoveries for the POPs were 91% (+/-6% relative 
      standard deviation), while limits of detection and quantification ranged from 
      0.00057 to 0.96ngg(-1) and 0.0017 to 2.9ngg(-1), respectively. Pesticides, PCBs, 
      and PBDEs, were measured in a single blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) cerumen 
      lamina at concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 150ng g(-1).
CI  - Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Robinson, Eleanor M
AU  - Robinson EM
AD  - The Institute of Ecological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Baylor 
      University, Waco, TX 76798-7388, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor 
      University, Waco, TX 76798-7388, USA.
FAU - Trumble, Stephen J
AU  - Trumble SJ
FAU - Subedi, Bikram
AU  - Subedi B
FAU - Sanders, Rebel
AU  - Sanders R
FAU - Usenko, Sascha
AU  - Usenko S
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20131012
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - J Chromatogr A
JT  - Journal of chromatography. A
JID - 9318488
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cerumen/*chemistry
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*isolation & purification
MH  - Pesticides/*isolation & purification
MH  - Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*isolation & purification
MH  - Pressure
MH  - Water Pollutants, Chemical/*isolation & purification
MH  - Whales
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Fatty matrices
OT  - PBDEs
OT  - PCBs
OT  - Pesticides
OT  - Selective pressurized liquid extraction
OT  - Whale earplugs
EDAT- 2013/11/05 06:00
MHDA- 2014/06/04 06:00
CRDT- 2013/11/05 06:00
PHST- 2013/06/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/10/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/10/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/11/05 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/11/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/06/04 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0021-9673(13)01623-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.023 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Chromatogr A. 2013 Dec 6;1319:14-20. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.023. Epub 
      2013 Oct 12.