PMID- 24349251
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20141012
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 8
IP  - 12
DP  - 2013
TI  - Effects of sustained sleep restriction on mitogen-stimulated cytokines, 
      chemokines and T helper 1/ T helper 2 balance in humans.
PG  - e82291
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0082291 [doi]
LID - e82291
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that acute sleep deprivation disrupts cellular 
      immune responses by shifting T helper (Th) cell activity towards a Th2 cytokine 
      profile. Since little is known about more long-term effects, we investigated how 
      five days of sleep restriction would affect pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, Th1- 
      and Th2 cytokine secretion. METHODS: Nine healthy males participated in an 
      experimental sleep protocol with two baseline sleep-wake cycles (sleep 
      23.00-07.00 h) followed by 5 days with restricted sleep (03.00-07.00 h). On the 
      second baseline day and on the fifth day with restricted sleep, samples were 
      drawn every third hour for determination of cytokines/chemokines (tumor necrosis 
      factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL) -1beta, IL-2, IL-4 and monocyte 
      chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) after in vitro stimulation of whole blood 
      samples with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Also leukocyte numbers, 
      mononuclear cells and cortisol were analysed. RESULTS: 5-days of sleep 
      restriction affected PHA-induced immune responses in several ways. There was a 
      general decrease of IL-2 production (p<.05). A shift in Th1/Th2 cytokine balance 
      was also evident, as determined by a decrease in IL2/IL4 ratio. No other main 
      effects of restricted sleep were shown. Two significant interactions showed that 
      restricted sleep resulted in increased TNF-alpha and MCP-1 in the late evening and 
      early night hours (p's<.05). In addition, all variables varied across the 24 h 
      day. CONCLUSIONS: 5-days of sleep restriction is characterized by a shift towards 
      Th2 activity (i.e. lower 1L-2/IL-4 ratio) which is similar to the effects of 
      acute sleep deprivation and psychological stress. This may have implications for 
      people suffering from conditions characterized by excessive Th2 activity like in 
      allergic disease, such as asthma, for whom restricted sleep could have negative 
      consequences.
FAU - Axelsson, John
AU  - Axelsson J
AD  - Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ; 
      Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ; 
      Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
FAU - Rehman, Javaid-ur
AU  - Rehman JU
AD  - Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
FAU - Akerstedt, Torbjorn
AU  - Akerstedt T
AD  - Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
FAU - Ekman, Rolf
AU  - Ekman R
AD  - Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 
      Sweden.
FAU - Miller, Gregory E
AU  - Miller GE
AD  - Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
FAU - Hoglund, Caroline Olgart
AU  - Hoglund CO
AD  - Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ; 
      Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular 
      Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, 
      Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska 
      Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska 
      Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
FAU - Lekander, Mats
AU  - Lekander M
AD  - Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ; 
      Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden ; Centre for 
      Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
LA  - eng
PT  - Clinical Trial
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20131211
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (Chemokines)
RN  - 0 (Mitogens)
RN  - 0 (Phytohemagglutinins)
RN  - WI4X0X7BPJ (Hydrocortisone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Chemokines/*biosynthesis/*immunology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydrocortisone/metabolism
MH  - Leukocyte Count
MH  - Male
MH  - Mitogens/*immunology
MH  - Phytohemagglutinins/*immunology
MH  - Sleep Deprivation/*immunology
MH  - Th1 Cells/drug effects/*immunology
MH  - *Th1-Th2 Balance
MH  - Th2 Cells/drug effects/*immunology
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC3859577
COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2013/12/19 06:00
MHDA- 2014/10/13 06:00
PMCR- 2013/12/11
CRDT- 2013/12/19 06:00
PHST- 2013/09/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/10/31 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2013/12/19 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/12/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/10/13 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2013/12/11 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-13-37212 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0082291 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2013 Dec 11;8(12):e82291. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082291. 
      eCollection 2013.