PMID- 24364457
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140818
LR  - 20131224
IS  - 1898-2263 (Electronic)
IS  - 1232-1966 (Linking)
VI  - 20
IP  - 4
DP  - 2013
TI  - Motor skills, cognitive development and balance functions of children with Down 
      syndrome.
PG  - 803-6
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Motor and cognitive development of children with 
      Down syndrome (DS) is delayed and inharmonic. Neuro-muscular abnormalities, such 
      as hypotonia, retained primary reflexes, and slow performance of volitional 
      reaction, result in difficulties with body balance. The aim of the presented 
      study is to assess the global motor functions and body balance of children with 
      DS in relation to age and mental development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study 
      group consisted of 79 children with DS (42 boys, 37 girls), average age 6 years 
      and 3 months +/- 4 years and 6 months. Participants were divided according to age 
      range into 3 groups: < 3 years old, 3-6 years old, > 6 years old. Children were 
      assessed using Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) and Paediatric Balance 
      Scale (PBS). Psychological diagnosis served to determine the degree of mental 
      development using the Brunet-Lezine Scale for children younger than 3 years old, 
      and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for those who are older 
      than 3 years. Nine children in research group had not been diagnosed by 
      psychologists, which is the reason why the analysis referring to mental 
      development was performed in 70 children (34 girls, 36 boys), with an average age 
      of 4 years and 6 months. RESULTS: GMFM-88 scores were significantly lower in 
      children with moderate psychomotor delay than in children with mild psychomotor 
      delay, or normally developed children, p=0.043. GMFM-88 scores in children with 
      profound mental impairment were lower than in children with mild or moderate 
      mental impairment. There was a statistical significant correlation between 
      GMFM-88 scores and the PBS scores, r= 0.7, p<0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: Motor 
      development of children with Down syndrome from towns and villages in the Greater 
      Poland region is associated with cognitive development, especially in the first 
      three years of life, with the balance functions being closely related to motor 
      skills.
FAU - Malak, Roksana
AU  - Malak R
AD  - Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical 
      Science, Poland.
FAU - Kotwicka, Malgorzata
AU  - Kotwicka M
AD  - Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poland.
FAU - Krawczyk-Wasielewska, Agnieszka
AU  - Krawczyk-Wasielewska A
AD  - Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical 
      Science, Poland.
FAU - Mojs, Ewa
AU  - Mojs E
AD  - Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poland.
FAU - Samborski, Wlodzimierz
AU  - Samborski W
AD  - Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical 
      Science, Poland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - Poland
TA  - Ann Agric Environ Med
JT  - Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM
JID - 9500166
SB  - IM
MH  - Child
MH  - *Child Development
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Disability Evaluation
MH  - *Down Syndrome
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Motor Skills/*physiology
EDAT- 2013/12/25 06:00
MHDA- 2014/08/19 06:00
CRDT- 2013/12/25 06:00
PHST- 2013/12/25 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2013/12/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/08/19 06:00 [medline]
AID - 1081394 [pii]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013;20(4):803-6.