PMID- 24378729
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140602
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1944-7884 (Electronic)
IS  - 1525-4135 (Print)
IS  - 1525-4135 (Linking)
VI  - 66
IP  - 1
DP  - 2014 May 1
TI  - Immune activation is associated with increased gut microbial translocation in 
      treatment-naive, HIV-infected children in a resource-limited setting.
PG  - 16-24
LID - 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000096 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gut damage resulting in microbial translocation (MT) is considered a 
      major cause of immune activation (IA) in HIV infection, but data in children are 
      limited, particularly in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: Sixty 
      perinatally HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive children, aged 2-12 years, 
      were evaluated for plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide, DNA sequences encoding 
      bacterial 16 second ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) and soluble CD14 concurrently with 
      markers of CD4 and CD8 T-cell IA and immune exhaustion (IE), CD4 counts, and 
      plasma viral load. At study entry, participants were classified into immune 
      categories (ICs): IC1 (CD4% > 25), IC2 (CD4% 15-25), and IC3 (CD4% < 15). 
      Age-matched HIV-uninfected children served as controls. Data were evaluated at 
      study entry and at 12 months. RESULTS: Levels of MT, IA, and IE were increased in 
      patients as compared with controls, were highest in patients in IC3 group, and 
      did not change over 12 months. MT products lipopolysaccharide and 16S rDNA 
      correlated with each other and each correlated with plasma viral load, soluble 
      CD14, and T-cell IA and IE. There was a correlation of IA with IE. CD4 counts and 
      percentage were inversely correlated with MT products and underlying CD4 
      activation. CONCLUSIONS: In a natural history cohort of HIV-infected children not 
      on therapy, MT was more pronounced in the most severely immunocompromised 
      patients and was associated with IA. Strategies to reduce MT may help to reduce 
      IA and prevent CD4 depletion.
FAU - Pilakka-Kanthikeel, Sudheesh
AU  - Pilakka-Kanthikeel S
AD  - *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, 
      University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; daggerDepartment of Public 
      Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of Miami Miller School of 
      Medicine, Miami, FL; and double daggerDepartment of Clinical Research, Tuberculosis Research 
      Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India (Sudheesh 
      Pilakka-Kanthikeel is now with the Department of Immunology, Herbert-Wertheim 
      College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL).
FAU - Kris, Arheart
AU  - Kris A
FAU - Selvaraj, Anbalagan
AU  - Selvaraj A
FAU - Swaminathan, Soumya
AU  - Swaminathan S
FAU - Pahwa, Savita
AU  - Pahwa S
LA  - eng
GR  - P30 AI073961/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R03 HD052154/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R03-HD052154-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PL  - United States
TA  - J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr
JT  - Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
JID - 100892005
RN  - 0 (DNA, Bacterial)
RN  - 0 (DNA, Ribosomal)
RN  - 0 (Lipopolysaccharide Receptors)
RN  - 0 (Lipopolysaccharides)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - *Bacterial Translocation
MH  - CD4 Lymphocyte Count
MH  - CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
MH  - CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
MH  - Child
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - DNA, Bacterial/blood
MH  - DNA, Ribosomal/blood
MH  - Female
MH  - Gastrointestinal Tract/*immunology/*physiopathology
MH  - HIV Infections/*complications/*immunology/pathology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Infant
MH  - Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/blood
MH  - Lipopolysaccharides/blood
MH  - Male
MH  - Viral Load
PMC - PMC4386670
MID - NIHMS558607
EDAT- 2014/01/01 06:00
MHDA- 2014/06/03 06:00
PMCR- 2015/05/01
CRDT- 2014/01/01 06:00
PHST- 2014/01/01 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/01/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/06/03 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2015/05/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000096 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014 May 1;66(1):16-24. doi: 
      10.1097/QAI.0000000000000096.