PMID- 24423629
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20141021
LR  - 20240213
IS  - 1532-2130 (Electronic)
IS  - 1090-3798 (Print)
IS  - 1090-3798 (Linking)
VI  - 18
IP  - 2
DP  - 2014 Mar
TI  - Validity of US norms for the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III in Malawian 
      children.
PG  - 223-30
LID - S1090-3798(13)00203-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.11.011 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Most psychometric tests originate from Europe and North America and 
      have not been validated in other populations. We assessed the validity of United 
      States (US)-based norms for the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler 
      Development-III (BSID-III), a neurodevelopmental tool developed for and commonly 
      used in the US, in Malawian children. METHODS: We constructed BSID-III norms for 
      cognitive, fine motor (FM), gross motor (GM), expressive communication (EC) and 
      receptive communication (RC) subtests using 5173 tests scores in 167 healthy 
      Malawian children. Norms were generated using Generalized Additive Models for 
      location, scale and shape, with age modeled continuously. Standard z-scores were 
      used to classify neurodevelopmental delay. Weighted kappa statistics were used to 
      compare the classification of neurological development using US-based and 
      Malawian norms. RESULTS: For all subtests, the mean raw scores in Malawian 
      children were higher than the US normative scores at younger ages (approximately 
      <6 months) after which the mean curves crossed and the US normative mean exceeded 
      that of the Malawian sample and the age at which the curves crossed differed by 
      subtest. Weighted kappa statistics for agreement between US and Malawian norms 
      were 0.45 for cognitive, 0.48 for FM, 0.57 for GM, 0.50 for EC, and 0.44 for RC. 
      CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that population reference curves for the BSID-III 
      differ depending on the origin of the population. Reliance on US norm-based 
      standardized scores resulted in misclassification of the neurological development 
      of Malawian children, with the greatest potential for bias in the measurement of 
      cognitive and language skills.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2013 European Paediatric Neurology Society. Published by Elsevier 
      Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Cromwell, Elizabeth A
AU  - Cromwell EA
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University 
      of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. Electronic address: 
      elizabeth.cromwell@unc.edu.
FAU - Dube, Queen
AU  - Dube Q
AD  - Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi 
      College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, 
      Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi. Electronic address: 
      qdube@mlw.medcol.mw.
FAU - Cole, Stephen R
AU  - Cole SR
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University 
      of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. Electronic address: cole@unc.edu.
FAU - Chirambo, Chawanangwa
AU  - Chirambo C
AD  - Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi 
      College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi. Electronic address: mahebere@yahoo.co.uk.
FAU - Dow, Anna E
AU  - Dow AE
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University 
      of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. Electronic address: adow@email.unc.edu.
FAU - Heyderman, Robert S
AU  - Heyderman RS
AD  - Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi 
      College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi. Electronic address: 
      r.heyderman@liverpool.ac.uk.
FAU - Van Rie, Annelies
AU  - Van Rie A
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University 
      of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. Electronic address: vanrie@email.unc.edu.
LA  - eng
GR  - WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
GR  - 100890/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
GR  - 101113/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
GR  - R01 HD053216/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Validation Study
DEP - 20131231
PL  - England
TA  - Eur J Paediatr Neurol
JT  - European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the 
      European Paediatric Neurology Society
JID - 9715169
SB  - IM
MH  - Child
MH  - Child Development
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - Developmental Disabilities/*diagnosis
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Infant
MH  - Infant, Newborn
MH  - Malawi
MH  - Male
MH  - Psychometrics/*standards
MH  - Reference Values
MH  - United States
PMC - PMC4019333
MID - NIHMS552868
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Child development
OT  - Cross-cultural testing bias
OT  - Testing norms
COIS- Conflict of Interest: All authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.
EDAT- 2014/01/16 06:00
MHDA- 2014/10/22 06:00
PMCR- 2015/03/01
CRDT- 2014/01/16 06:00
PHST- 2013/07/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/11/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/11/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/01/16 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/01/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/10/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2015/03/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S1090-3798(13)00203-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.11.011 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2014 Mar;18(2):223-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.11.011. 
      Epub 2013 Dec 31.