PMID- 24451304
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140814
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 2072-6643 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6643 (Linking)
VI  - 6
IP  - 1
DP  - 2013 Dec 19
TI  - Can carbohydrate mouth rinse improve performance during exercise? A systematic 
      review.
PG  - 1-10
LID - 10.3390/nu6010001 [doi]
AB  - The purpose of this review was to identify studies that have investigated the 
      effect of carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on exercise performance, and to quantify 
      the overall mean difference of this type of manipulation across the studies. The 
      main mechanisms involving the potential benefit of CHO mouth rinse on performance 
      was also explored. A systematic review was conducted in the following electronic 
      databases: PubMed, SciELO, Science Direct, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library 
      (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), without limit of searches. 
      Eleven studies were classified as appropriate and their results were summarized 
      and compared. In nine of them, CHO mouth rinse increased the performance (range 
      from 1.50% to 11.59%) during moderate- to high-intensity exercise (~75% Wmax or 
      65% VO2max, ~1 h duration). A statistical analysis to quantify the individual and 
      overall mean differences was performed in seven of the 11 eligible studies that 
      reported power output (watts, W) as the main performance outcome. The overall 
      mean difference was calculated using a random-effect model that accounts for true 
      variation in effects occurring in each study, as well as random error within a 
      single study. The overall effect of CHO mouth rinse on performance was 
      significant (mean difference=5.05 W, 95% CI 0.90 to 9.2 W, z=2.39, p=0.02) but 
      there was a large heterogeneity between the studies (I2=52%). An activation of 
      the oral receptors and consequently brain areas involved with reward 
      (insula/operculum frontal, orbitofrontal cortex, and striatum) is suggested as a 
      possible physiological mechanism responsible for the improved performance with 
      CHO mouth rinse. However, this positive effect seems to be accentuated when 
      muscle and liver glycogen stores are reduced, possibly due to a greater 
      sensitivity of the oral receptors, and require further investigation. Differences 
      in duration of fasting before the trial, duration of mouth rinse, type of 
      activity, exercise protocols, and sample size may account for the large 
      variability between the studies.
FAU - de Ataide e Silva, Thays
AU  - de Ataide e Silva T
AD  - Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science 
      (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, Alto do Reservatorio street, Bela Vista, 
      Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco 55608-680, Brazil. carolleandro22@gmail.com.
FAU - Di Cavalcanti Alves de Souza, Maria Eduarda
AU  - Di Cavalcanti Alves de Souza ME
AD  - Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science 
      (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, Alto do Reservatorio street, Bela Vista, 
      Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco 55608-680, Brazil. 
      dicavalcanti@hotmail.com.br.
FAU - de Amorim, Jamile Ferro
AU  - de Amorim JF
AD  - Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science 
      (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, Alto do Reservatorio street, Bela Vista, 
      Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco 55608-680, Brazil. jamiferro@hotmail.com.
FAU - Stathis, Christos G
AU  - Stathis CG
AD  - College of Health and Biomedicine and Institute of Sport Exercise and Active 
      Living (iSEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia. 
      christos.stathis@vu.edu.au.
FAU - Leandro, Carol Gois
AU  - Leandro CG
AD  - Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physical Education and 
      Sports Science (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, Alto do Reservatorio 
      street, Bela Vista, Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco 55608-680, Brazil. 
      carolleandro22@gmail.com.
FAU - Lima-Silva, Adriano Eduardo
AU  - Lima-Silva AE
AD  - Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science 
      (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, Alto do Reservatorio street, Bela Vista, 
      Vitoria de Santo Antao, Pernambuco 55608-680, Brazil. adrianosilva@usp.br.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PT  - Systematic Review
DEP - 20131219
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nutrients
JT  - Nutrients
JID - 101521595
RN  - 0 (Polysaccharides)
RN  - 7CVR7L4A2D (maltodextrin)
RN  - IY9XDZ35W2 (Glucose)
SB  - IM
MH  - Exercise/*physiology
MH  - Glucose/*administration & dosage
MH  - Humans
MH  - Mouth/*physiology
MH  - Physical Endurance/drug effects/physiology
MH  - Polysaccharides/*administration & dosage
MH  - Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PMC - PMC3916844
EDAT- 2014/01/24 06:00
MHDA- 2014/08/15 06:00
PMCR- 2014/01/01
CRDT- 2014/01/24 06:00
PHST- 2013/10/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/12/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/12/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/01/24 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/01/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/08/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2014/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nu6010001 [pii]
AID - nutrients-06-00001 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nu6010001 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutrients. 2013 Dec 19;6(1):1-10. doi: 10.3390/nu6010001.