PMID- 24465595
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140918
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1932-6203 (Electronic)
IS  - 1932-6203 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 1
DP  - 2014
TI  - Coping with unpredictability: dopaminergic and neurotrophic responses to omission 
      of expected reward in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).
PG  - e85543
LID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0085543 [doi]
LID - e85543
AB  - Comparative studies are imperative for understanding the evolution of adaptive 
      neurobiological processes such as neural plasticity, cognition, and emotion. 
      Previously we have reported that prolonged omission of expected rewards (OER, or 
      'frustrative nonreward') causes increased aggression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo 
      salar). Here we report changes in brain monoaminergic activity and relative 
      abundance of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine receptor mRNA 
      transcripts in the same paradigm. Groups of fish were initially conditioned to 
      associate a flashing light with feeding. Subsequently, the expected food reward 
      was delayed for 30 minutes during two out of three meals per day in the OER 
      treatment, while the previously established routine was maintained in control 
      groups. After 8 days there was no effect of OER on baseline brain stem serotonin 
      (5-HT) or dopamine (DA) activity. Subsequent exposure to acute confinement stress 
      led to increased plasma cortisol and elevated turnover of brain stem DA and 5-HT 
      in all animals. The DA response was potentiated and DA receptor 1 (D1) mRNA 
      abundance was reduced in the OER-exposed fish, indicating a sensitization of the 
      DA system. In addition OER suppressed abundance of BDNF in the telencephalon of 
      non-stressed fish. Regardless of OER treatment, a strong positive correlation 
      between BDNF and D1 mRNA abundance was seen in non-stressed fish. This 
      correlation was disrupted by acute stress, and replaced by a negative correlation 
      between BDNF abundance and plasma cortisol concentration. These observations 
      indicate a conserved link between DA, neurotrophin regulation, and 
      corticosteroid-signaling pathways. The results also emphasize how fish models can 
      be important tools in the study of neural plasticity and responsiveness to 
      environmental unpredictability.
FAU - Vindas, Marco A
AU  - Vindas MA
AD  - Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life 
      Sciences, As, Norway.
FAU - Sorensen, Christina
AU  - Sorensen C
AD  - Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Johansen, Ida B
AU  - Johansen IB
AD  - Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Folkedal, Ole
AU  - Folkedal O
AD  - Department of Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway.
FAU - Hoglund, Erik
AU  - Hoglund E
AD  - Department of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture, Danish Institute for Fisheries 
      Research, Hirtshals, Denmark.
FAU - Khan, Uniza W
AU  - Khan UW
AD  - Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life 
      Sciences, As, Norway.
FAU - Stien, Lars H
AU  - Stien LH
AD  - Department of Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway.
FAU - Kristiansen, Tore S
AU  - Kristiansen TS
AD  - Department of Animal Welfare, Institute of Marine Research, Matredal, Norway.
FAU - Braastad, Bjarne O
AU  - Braastad BO
AD  - Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life 
      Sciences, As, Norway.
FAU - Overli, Oyvind
AU  - Overli O
AD  - Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life 
      Sciences, As, Norway.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20140117
PL  - United States
TA  - PLoS One
JT  - PloS one
JID - 101285081
RN  - 0 (Biogenic Monoamines)
RN  - 0 (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor)
RN  - 0 (Nerve Growth Factors)
RN  - 0 (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Messenger)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Dopamine D1)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Dopamine D2)
RN  - WI4X0X7BPJ (Hydrocortisone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adaptation, Psychological
MH  - Analysis of Variance
MH  - Animals
MH  - Behavior, Animal
MH  - Biogenic Monoamines/metabolism
MH  - Brain/metabolism
MH  - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Conditioning, Psychological
MH  - Dopaminergic Neurons/*metabolism
MH  - Gene Expression Regulation
MH  - Hydrocortisone/blood
MH  - Nerve Growth Factors/*metabolism
MH  - Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/genetics/metabolism
MH  - RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics/metabolism
MH  - *Reward
MH  - Salmo salar/blood/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism
MH  - Stress, Physiological/genetics
PMC - PMC3894970
COIS- Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2014/01/28 06:00
MHDA- 2014/09/19 06:00
PMCR- 2014/01/17
CRDT- 2014/01/28 06:00
PHST- 2013/08/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/12/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/01/28 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/01/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/09/19 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2014/01/17 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - PONE-D-13-33706 [pii]
AID - 10.1371/journal.pone.0085543 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - PLoS One. 2014 Jan 17;9(1):e85543. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085543. eCollection 
      2014.