PMID- 24475367
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 2159-2543 (Print)
IS  - 2159-256X (Electronic)
IS  - 2159-2543 (Linking)
VI  - 3
IP  - 6
DP  - 2013 Nov 1
TI  - Lost in translation: The biogenesis of non-LTR retrotransposon proteins.
PG  - e27525
LID - e27525
AB  - "Young" APE-type non-LTR retrotransposons (non-LTRs) typically encode two open 
      reading frames (ORFs 1 and 2). The shorter ORF1 translation product (ORF1p) 
      comprises an RNA binding activity, thought to bind to non-LTR transcript RNA, 
      protect against nuclease degradation and specify nuclear import of the 
      ribonuclear protein complex (RNP). ORF2 encodes a multifunctional protein (ORF2p) 
      comprising apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE) and reverse-transcriptase 
      (RT) activities, responsible for genome replication and re-integration into 
      chromosomal DNA. However, some clades of APE-type non-LTRs only encode a single 
      ORF-corresponding to the multifunctional ORF2p outlined above (and for simplicity 
      referred-to as ORF2 below). The absence of an ORF1 correlates with the 
      acquisition of a 2A oligopeptide translational recoding element (some 18-30 amino 
      acids) into the N-terminal region of ORF2p. In the case of non-LTRs encoding two 
      ORFs, the presence of ORF1 would necessarily downregulate the translation of 
      ORF2. We argue that in the absence of an ORF1, 2A could provide the corresponding 
      translational downregulation of ORF2. While multiple molecules of ORF1p are 
      required to decorate the non-LTR transcript RNA in the cytoplasm, conceivably 
      only a single molecule of ORF2p is required for target-primed reverse 
      transcription/integration in the nucleus. Why would the translation of ORF2 need 
      to be controlled by such mechanisms? An "excess" of ORF2p could result in 
      disadvantageous levels of genome instability by, for example, enhancing short, 
      interspersed, element (SINE) retrotransposition and the generation of processed 
      pseudogenes. If so, the acquisition of mechanisms-such as 2A-to control ORF2p 
      biogenesis would be advantageous.
FAU - Luke, Garry A
AU  - Luke GA
AD  - Biomedical Sciences Research Complex; Fife, Scotland UK.
FAU - Roulston, Claire
AU  - Roulston C
AD  - Biomedical Sciences Research Complex; Fife, Scotland UK.
FAU - Odon, Valerie
AU  - Odon V
AD  - Biomedical Sciences Research Complex; Fife, Scotland UK.
FAU - de Felipe, Pablo
AU  - de Felipe P
AD  - Biomedical Sciences Research Complex; Fife, Scotland UK.
FAU - Sukhodub, Andriy
AU  - Sukhodub A
AD  - Biomedical Sciences Research Complex; Fife, Scotland UK.
FAU - Ryan, Martin D
AU  - Ryan MD
AD  - Biomedical Sciences Research Complex; Fife, Scotland UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20131213
PL  - United States
TA  - Mob Genet Elements
JT  - Mobile genetic elements
JID - 101564504
CON - Odon V, Luke GA, Roulston C, de Felipe P, Ruan L, Escuin-Ordinas H, Brown JD, 
      Ryan MD, Sukhodub A. APE-type non-LTR retrotransposons of multicellular organisms 
      encode virus-like 2A oligopeptide sequences, which mediate translational recoding 
      during protein synthesis. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30:1955-65. doi: 
      10.1093/molbev/mst102.
PMC - PMC3894237
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 2A oligopeptide
OT  - non-LTR retrotransposons
OT  - retrotransposition
OT  - translational recoding
EDAT- 2014/01/30 06:00
MHDA- 2014/01/30 06:01
PMCR- 2013/12/13
CRDT- 2014/01/30 06:00
PHST- 2013/10/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/12/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/12/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/01/30 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/01/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/01/30 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2013/12/13 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 2013MGE0031R [pii]
AID - 10.4161/mge.27525 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Mob Genet Elements. 2013 Nov 1;3(6):e27525. doi: 10.4161/mge.27525. Epub 2013 Dec 
      13.