PMID- 24491317
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150526
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1879-1298 (Electronic)
IS  - 0045-6535 (Linking)
VI  - 116
DP  - 2014 Dec
TI  - Formation of PBDD/F from PBDE in electronic waste in recycling processes and 
      under simulated extruding conditions.
PG  - 34-9
LID - S0045-6535(14)00040-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.101 [doi]
AB  - The increasing volumes of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in 
      Europe and developing economies demand for efficient disposal solutions. However, 
      WEEE also contains toxic compounds and, therefore, there is a need for recycling 
      technologies for WEEE that creates revenue without causing environmental harm. 
      Among other fast developing economies, South Africa is tempting to make use of 
      recycled plastic. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are additives used to 
      protect plastic materials in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) against 
      ignition. Some BFRs are known persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and some BFRs 
      can be transformed into highly toxic compounds such as polybrominated 
      dibenzofurans and dioxins (PBDD/Fs). In this study, the contents of critical 
      BFRs, i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and highly toxic PBDD/Fs were measured 
      in WEEE material from Switzerland and South Africa. The formation of PBDD/Fs has 
      been observed in two South African recycling processes and under controlled 
      laboratory conditions. Total PBDE-contents in the South African and Swiss plastic 
      waste varied between 1x10(3) and 7x10(6) mug kg(-1). A few WEEE plastic fractions 
      exceeded the RoHS limit of 1x10(6) mug kg(-1) for PBDEs and thus they could not be 
      used for recycling products without special treatment. The total content of 
       summation operatorPBDFs was around 1x10(3) mug kg(-1). Such contents in materials do not pose a 
      risk for consumer under normal conditions. Workers at recycling plants might be 
      at risk. The measured formation rates of PBDFs were between 2x10(-5) and 
      2x10(-4) summation operatorPBDE(-1) min(-1).
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Zennegg, Markus
AU  - Zennegg M
AD  - Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 
      Ueberlandstrasse 129, Dubendorf CH-8600, Switzerland.
FAU - Schluep, Mathias
AU  - Schluep M
AD  - Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 
      Ueberlandstrasse 129, Dubendorf CH-8600, Switzerland.
FAU - Streicher-Porte, Martin
AU  - Streicher-Porte M
AD  - Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 
      Ueberlandstrasse 129, Dubendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; FHNW, University of Applied 
      Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute for Biomass and Resource 
      Efficiency, Steinackerstrasse 5, CH-5210 Windisch, Switzerland.
FAU - Lienemann, Peter
AU  - Lienemann P
AD  - Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 
      Ueberlandstrasse 129, Dubendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; ZHAW Zurich University of 
      Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, CH-8820 Wadenswil, Switzerland.
FAU - Haag, Regula
AU  - Haag R
AD  - Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 
      Ueberlandstrasse 129, Dubendorf CH-8600, Switzerland.
FAU - Gerecke, Andreas C
AU  - Gerecke AC
AD  - Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 
      Ueberlandstrasse 129, Dubendorf CH-8600, Switzerland. Electronic address: 
      andreas.gerecke@empa.ch.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20140131
PL  - England
TA  - Chemosphere
JT  - Chemosphere
JID - 0320657
RN  - 0 (Benzofurans)
RN  - 0 (Dioxins)
RN  - 0 (Flame Retardants)
RN  - 0 (Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers)
RN  - 0 (Plastics)
SB  - IM
MH  - Benzofurans/*analysis/chemistry
MH  - Dioxins/*analysis/chemistry
MH  - Electronic Waste/*analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Flame Retardants/*analysis
MH  - Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/*analysis/chemistry
MH  - Plastics/chemistry
MH  - Recycling
MH  - South Africa
MH  - Switzerland
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - PBDD/F
OT  - PBDE
OT  - Recycling
OT  - Waste electrical and electronic equipment
EDAT- 2014/02/05 06:00
MHDA- 2015/05/27 06:00
CRDT- 2014/02/05 06:00
PHST- 2013/10/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2013/12/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2013/12/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/02/05 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/02/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/05/27 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0045-6535(14)00040-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.101 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Chemosphere. 2014 Dec;116:34-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.101. Epub 2014 
      Jan 31.