PMID- 24495787
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20141211
LR  - 20150708
IS  - 1873-4111 (Electronic)
IS  - 0378-5122 (Linking)
VI  - 77
IP  - 4
DP  - 2014 Apr
TI  - Considering the senses in the diagnosis and management of dementia.
PG  - 305-10
LID - S0378-5122(14)00022-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.01.003 [doi]
AB  - Associations between dementia and impairments in hearing, vision, olfaction and 
      (to a lesser degree) taste have been identified. Hearing impairment has been 
      shown to precede cognitive decline, but it is not clear if the hearing loss is an 
      early marker of dementia or a modifiable risk factor. Olfactory impairment is 
      seen in many neurodegenerative conditions, but it has been shown that those with 
      dementia have particular difficulties with the recognition and identification of 
      odours rather than the detection, suggesting a link to impairment of higher 
      cognitive function. Olfactory impairment has been shown to be predictive of 
      conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease with 85.2% 
      sensitivity. As cognitive function deteriorates, the world is experienced at a 
      sensory level, with reduced ability to integrate the sensory experiences to 
      understand the context. Thus, people with dementia are very sensitive to sensory 
      experiences and their environment needs to be managed carefully to make it 
      understandable, comfortable, and (if possible) therapeutic. Light can be used to 
      stabilise the circadian rhythm, which may be disturbed in dementia. Music 
      therapy, aromatherapy, massage and multisensory stimulation are recommended by 
      NICE for the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia 
      (BPSD), although the mechanisms behind such interventions are poorly understood 
      and evidence is limited. Sensory considerations are likely to play a greater role 
      in dementia care in the future, with the development of purpose-built dementia 
      care facilities and the focus on non-pharmacological management strategies for 
      BPSD.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Behrman, Sophie
AU  - Behrman S
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 
      7JX, UK.
FAU - Chouliaras, Leonidas
AU  - Chouliaras L
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 
      7JX, UK.
FAU - Ebmeier, Klaus P
AU  - Ebmeier KP
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 
      7JX, UK. Electronic address: klaus.ebmeier@psych.ox.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
GR  - G1001354/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20140118
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Maturitas
JT  - Maturitas
JID - 7807333
SB  - IM
MH  - Dementia/*diagnosis/physiopathology/*therapy
MH  - Humans
MH  - Sensation/*physiology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Ageing
OT  - Behaviour
OT  - Hearing
OT  - Smell
OT  - Touch
OT  - Vision
EDAT- 2014/02/06 06:00
MHDA- 2014/12/17 06:00
CRDT- 2014/02/06 06:00
PHST- 2014/01/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/01/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/02/06 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/02/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/12/17 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0378-5122(14)00022-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.01.003 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Maturitas. 2014 Apr;77(4):305-10. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.01.003. Epub 2014 
      Jan 18.