PMID- 24634669
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140317
LR  - 20231104
IS  - 1664-3224 (Print)
IS  - 1664-3224 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-3224 (Linking)
VI  - 5
DP  - 2014
TI  - Activation of innate immunity by bacterial ligands of toll-like receptors.
PG  - 89
LID - 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00089 [doi]
LID - 89
AB  - Tgammadelta and B1 lymphocytes are essential components of the mucosal immune system, 
      activated directly by different bacterial and viral ligands without additional 
      costimulatory signals and preprocessing of other immune effectors. This ability 
      enables the immune system to provide rapid protection against pathogens and 
      contributes to the decoding mechanism of the sensitizing activity of mucosal 
      antigens. The early interaction of these cells results in the production of 
      antibodies of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA isotypes, but not immunoglobulin E 
      (IgE). We studied the subcutaneous, intranasal, and oral delivery as three major 
      routes of potential entry for antigens of opportunistic microorganisms, using the 
      immunomodulator Immunovac-VP-4, which is able to activate Tgammadelta and B1 lymphocytes. 
      The subcutaneous and intranasal routes produced a significant increase of these 
      cells in lymph nodes associated with the nasal cavity (NALT) and in those 
      associated with bronchial tissue (BALT). The oral route significantly increased 
      levels of these cells in the spleen, in NALT, BALT, and in nodes associated with 
      the gut (GALT). We found that mucosal application of Immunovac-VP-4, which 
      contains antigens of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms, in conjunction with 
      the activation of Tgammadelta and B1, induces adaptive immune mechanisms not only in the 
      lymphoid formations associated with the respiratory system and with GALT, but 
      also in the spleen [increased expression of cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3), 
      CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD25]. This indicates that there is migration of lymphoid 
      cells from the regional lymph nodes and mucosal lymphoid tissues via the lymph 
      and blood to distant organs, resulting in lymphoid development, and both local 
      and systemic immunity. Mucosal application of Immunovac-VP-4 in mice potentiates 
      the cytotoxic activity of NK cells in the NALT, BALT, and GALT. The highest 
      cytotoxicity was observed in cells, derived from lymphoid tissue of the intestine 
      after oral immunization. Although we found that cytokine production was increased 
      by all three immunization routes, it was most intensive after subcutaneous 
      injection. Our findings confirm that there is an intensive exchange of 
      lymphocytes not only between lymphoid formations in the mucous membranes of the 
      respiratory tract and of GALT, but also with the spleen, which means that if 
      effective mucosal vaccines are developed, they can induce both local and systemic 
      immunity.
FAU - Akhmatova, Nelli K
AU  - Akhmatova NK
AD  - Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, I. I. Metchnikov Research Institute for 
      Vaccines and Serum, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , Moscow , Russia.
FAU - Egorova, Nadezhda B
AU  - Egorova NB
AD  - Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, I. I. Metchnikov Research Institute for 
      Vaccines and Serum, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , Moscow , Russia.
FAU - Kurbatova, Ekaterina A
AU  - Kurbatova EA
AD  - Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, I. I. Metchnikov Research Institute for 
      Vaccines and Serum, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , Moscow , Russia.
FAU - Akhmatov, Elvin A
AU  - Akhmatov EA
AD  - Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, I. I. Metchnikov Research Institute for 
      Vaccines and Serum, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences , Moscow , Russia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20140305
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Immunol
JT  - Frontiers in immunology
JID - 101560960
PMC - PMC3942644
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - BALT
OT  - GALT
OT  - NALT
OT  - Toll-like receptors
OT  - bacterial
OT  - immunovac-VP-4
OT  - poly-component p
OT  - vaccine
EDAT- 2014/03/19 06:00
MHDA- 2014/03/19 06:01
PMCR- 2014/01/01
CRDT- 2014/03/18 06:00
PHST- 2013/10/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/02/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/03/18 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/03/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/03/19 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2014/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00089 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Immunol. 2014 Mar 5;5:89. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00089. eCollection 2014.