PMID- 24640966
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20141121
LR  - 20191210
IS  - 1091-7691 (Electronic)
IS  - 0895-8378 (Linking)
VI  - 26
IP  - 5
DP  - 2014 Apr
TI  - Assessment of the risk of respiratory sensitization from fragrance allergens 
      released by air fresheners.
PG  - 310-8
LID - 10.3109/08958378.2014.888110 [doi]
AB  - Consumers using air fresheners are exposed to the emitted ingredients, including 
      fragrances, via the respiratory tract. Several fragrances are known skin 
      sensitizers, but it is unknown whether inhalation exposure to these chemicals can 
      induce respiratory sensitization. Effects on the immune system were assessed by 
      testing a selection of five fragrance allergens in the respiratory local lymph 
      node assay (LLNA). The probability and extent of exposure were assessed by 
      measuring concentrations of the 24 known fragrance allergens in 109 air 
      fresheners. It was shown that the most frequently used fragrances in air 
      fresheners were D-limonene and linalool. In the respiratory LLNA, these 
      fragrances were negative. Of the other tested chemicals, only isoeugenol induced 
      a statistically significant increase in cell proliferation. Consumer exposure was 
      assessed in more detail for D-limonene, linalool, and isoeugenol by using 
      exposure modeling tools. It was shown that the most frequently used fragrances in 
      air fresheners, D-limonene, and linalool gave rise to a higher consumer exposure 
      compared with isoeugenol. To evaluate whether the consumer exposure to these 
      fragrances is low or high, these levels were compared with measured air 
      concentrations of diisocyanates, known human respiratory sensitizers. This 
      comparison showed that consumer exposure from air fresheners to D-limonene, 
      linalool, and isoeugenol is considerably lower than occupational exposure to 
      diisocyanates. By combing this knowledge on sensitizing potency with the much 
      lower exposure compared to diisocyanates it seems highly unlikely that isoeugenol 
      can induce respiratory sensitization in consumers using air fresheners.
FAU - ter Burg, Wouter
AU  - ter Burg W
AD  - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The 
      Netherlands .
FAU - Bouma, Krista
AU  - Bouma K
FAU - Schakel, Durk J
AU  - Schakel DJ
FAU - Wijnhoven, Susan W P
AU  - Wijnhoven SW
FAU - van Engelen, Jacqueline
AU  - van Engelen J
FAU - van Loveren, Henk
AU  - van Loveren H
FAU - Ezendam, Janine
AU  - Ezendam J
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20140318
PL  - England
TA  - Inhal Toxicol
JT  - Inhalation toxicology
JID - 8910739
RN  - 0 (Acyclic Monoterpenes)
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
RN  - 0 (Cyclohexenes)
RN  - 0 (Monoterpenes)
RN  - 0 (Perfume)
RN  - 0 (Terpenes)
RN  - 3T8H1794QW (Eugenol)
RN  - 5M0MWY797U (isoeugenol)
RN  - 9MC3I34447 (Limonene)
RN  - D81QY6I88E (linalool)
SB  - IM
MH  - Acyclic Monoterpenes
MH  - Air Pollutants/analysis/*toxicity
MH  - Air Pollution, Indoor/*adverse effects
MH  - Allergens/analysis/*toxicity
MH  - Animals
MH  - Cyclohexenes/toxicity
MH  - Eugenol/analogs & derivatives/toxicity
MH  - Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects
MH  - Limonene
MH  - Local Lymph Node Assay
MH  - Male
MH  - Mice
MH  - Mice, Inbred BALB C
MH  - Monoterpenes/toxicity
MH  - Perfume/analysis/*toxicity
MH  - Respiratory Hypersensitivity/*chemically induced
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Terpenes/toxicity
EDAT- 2014/03/20 06:00
MHDA- 2014/12/15 06:00
CRDT- 2014/03/20 06:00
PHST- 2014/03/20 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/03/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/12/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.3109/08958378.2014.888110 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Inhal Toxicol. 2014 Apr;26(5):310-8. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2014.888110. Epub 2014 
      Mar 18.