PMID- 24668534
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20141124
LR  - 20151119
IS  - 1098-9048 (Electronic)
IS  - 1069-3424 (Linking)
VI  - 35
IP  - 2
DP  - 2014 Apr
TI  - Biomarkers in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease.
PG  - 181-200
LID - 10.1055/s-0034-1371527 [doi]
AB  - This article reviews major biomarkers in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 
      (BALF) with respect to their diagnostic and prognostic value in connective tissue 
      disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). In some CTD such as 
      systemic sclerosis (SSc), the incidence of ILD is up to two-third of patients, 
      and currently ILD represents the leading cause of death in SSc. Because of the 
      extremely variable incidence and outcome of ILD in CTD, progress in the discovery 
      and validation of biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, patients' subtyping, 
      response to treatment, or as surrogate endpoints in clinical trials is extremely 
      important. In contrast to idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, autoantibodies play 
      a crucial role as biomarkers in CTD-ILD because their presence is strictly linked 
      to the pathogenesis and tissue damage. Patterns of autoantibodies, for instance, 
      anticitrullinated peptide antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis or aminoacyl-tRNA 
      synthetases (ARS) in polymyositis/dermatomyositis, have been found to correlate 
      with the presence and occasionally with the course of ILD in CTD. Besides 
      autoantibodies, an increase in serum or BALF of a biomarker of pulmonary origin 
      may be able to predict or reflect the development of fibrosis, the impairment of 
      lung function, and ideally also the prognosis. Promising biomarkers are lung 
      epithelium-derived proteins such as KL-6 (Krebs von den Lungen-6), SP-D 
      (surfactant protein-D), SP-A (surfactant protein-A), YKL-40 (chitinase-3-like 
      protein 1 [CHI3L1] or cytokines such as CCL18 [chemokine (C-C) motif ligand 18]). 
      In the future, genetic/epigenetic markers, such as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) 
      haplotypes, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and micro-RNA, may help to identify 
      subtypes of patients with different needs of management and treatment strategies.
CI  - Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.
FAU - Bonella, Francesco
AU  - Bonella F
AD  - Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital, 
      University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
FAU - Costabel, Ulrich
AU  - Costabel U
AD  - Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital, 
      University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20140325
PL  - United States
TA  - Semin Respir Crit Care Med
JT  - Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
JID - 9431858
RN  - 0 (Autoantibodies)
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
SB  - IM
MH  - Autoantibodies/immunology
MH  - Biomarkers/*metabolism
MH  - Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
MH  - Connective Tissue Diseases/*complications/physiopathology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis/*etiology/physiopathology
MH  - Prognosis
EDAT- 2014/03/29 06:00
MHDA- 2014/12/15 06:00
CRDT- 2014/03/27 06:00
PHST- 2014/03/27 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/03/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/12/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1055/s-0034-1371527 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Apr;35(2):181-200. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1371527. 
      Epub 2014 Mar 25.