PMID- 24825104
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20140729
LR  - 20211021
IS  - 1552-5783 (Electronic)
IS  - 0146-0404 (Print)
IS  - 0146-0404 (Linking)
VI  - 55
IP  - 6
DP  - 2014 May 13
TI  - Assessment of macular function using the SKILL Card in adults with type 2 
      diabetes mellitus.
PG  - 3368-74
LID - 10.1167/iovs.13-13368 [doi]
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of reduced contrast and reduced luminance on 
      visual acuity (VA) using the Smith-Kettlewell Institute Low Luminance (SKILL) 
      Card in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: We studied adults 
      aged 27 to 65 years, 32 with T2DM and no retinopathy (NoRet group), 22 with T2DM 
      and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR group), and 38 healthy control 
      subjects. Monocular high-contrast (SKILL light) and low-contrast, low-luminance 
      (SKILL dark) near visual acuities were tested. The SKILL score was calculated as 
      the difference between dark chart and light chart acuities and was corrected for 
      age. Contrast sensitivity (CS) was also measured. Subject group differences were 
      examined using ANOVA and Tukey honestly significant difference test. Receiver 
      operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the ability of the 
      SKILL Card and CS to discriminate the subject groups. RESULTS: The SKILL score 
      and CS were significantly worse in both diabetes groups compared with the 
      controls (P < 0.01). SKILL scores in the NPDR group were poorest (highest) and 
      significantly worse than those in the NoRet group (P < 0.05). SKILL scores 
      discriminated NPDR and NoRet patients from the controls with high accuracy (99% 
      and 88%, respectively), which was significantly (P < 0.03) better than CS (78% 
      and 74%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The SKILL Card demonstrated vision function 
      changes in diabetes even in the absence of clinically evident retinopathy. 
      Diabetic retinopathy led to a further increase in the SKILL score, while 
      high-contrast VA remained unchanged.
CI  - Copyright 2014 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
FAU - Dhamdhere, Kavita P
AU  - Dhamdhere KP
AD  - School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United 
      States.
FAU - Schneck, Marilyn E
AU  - Schneck ME
AD  - School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United 
      States.
FAU - Bearse, Marcus A Jr
AU  - Bearse MA Jr
AD  - School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United 
      States.
FAU - Lam, Wendy
AU  - Lam W
AD  - School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United 
      States.
FAU - Barez, Shirin
AU  - Barez S
AD  - School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United 
      States.
FAU - Adams, Anthony J
AU  - Adams AJ
AD  - School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United 
      States.
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 EY002271/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 EY021811/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States
GR  - EY02271/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States
GR  - EY021811/EY/NEI NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Observational Study
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20140513
PL  - United States
TA  - Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
JT  - Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
JID - 7703701
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Contrast Sensitivity/physiology
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*complications/physiopathology
MH  - Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology/*physiopathology
MH  - Equipment Design
MH  - Female
MH  - Follow-Up Studies
MH  - Humans
MH  - Macula Lutea/*physiopathology
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Photic Stimulation
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - Vision Tests/*instrumentation
MH  - Visual Acuity/*physiology
PMC - PMC4042631
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - diabetes
OT  - diabetic retinopathy
OT  - visual acuity
EDAT- 2014/05/16 06:00
MHDA- 2014/07/30 06:00
PMCR- 2014/12/01
CRDT- 2014/05/15 06:00
PHST- 2014/05/15 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/05/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2014/07/30 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2014/12/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - iovs.13-13368 [pii]
AID - 10.1167/iovs.13-13368 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014 May 13;55(6):3368-74. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-13368.