PMID- 24839076
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20160222
LR  - 20181202
IS  - 1438-2199 (Electronic)
IS  - 0939-4451 (Linking)
VI  - 46
IP  - 8
DP  - 2014 Aug
TI  - Current knowledge of D-aspartate in glandular tissues.
PG  - 1805-18
LID - 10.1007/s00726-014-1759-2 [doi]
AB  - Free D-aspartate (D-Asp) occurs in substantial amounts in glandular tissues. This 
      paper reviews the existing work on D-Asp in vertebrate exocrine and endocrine 
      glands, with emphasis on functional roles. Endogenous D-Asp was detected in 
      salivary glands. High D-Asp levels in the parotid gland during development 
      suggest an involvement of the amino acid in the regulation of early developmental 
      phases and/or differentiation processes. D-Asp has a prominent role in the 
      Harderian gland, where it elicits exocrine secretion through activation of the 
      ERK1/2 pathway. Interestingly, the increase in NOS activity associated with D-Asp 
      administration in the Harderian gland suggests a potential capability of D-Asp to 
      induce vasodilatation. In mammals, an increase in local concentrations of D-Asp 
      facilitates the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones, i.e., PRL, LH and GH, 
      whereas it inhibits the secretion of POMC/alpha-MSH from the intermediate pituitary 
      and of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. D-Asp also acts as a negative 
      regulator for melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland. Further, D-Asp can 
      stereo-specifically modulate the production of sex steroids, thus taking part in 
      the endocrine control of reproductive activity. Although D-Asp receptors remain 
      to be characterized, gene expression of NR1 and NR2 subunits of NMDAr responds to 
      D-Asp in the testis.
FAU - Di Fiore, Maria Maddalena
AU  - Di Fiore MM
AD  - Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, 
      Seconda Universita di Napoli, via Vivaldi 43, 80100, Caserta, Italy, 
      mariam.difiore@unina2.it.
FAU - Santillo, Alessandra
AU  - Santillo A
FAU - Chieffi Baccari, Gabriella
AU  - Chieffi Baccari G
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20140517
PL  - Austria
TA  - Amino Acids
JT  - Amino acids
JID - 9200312
RN  - 0 (Pituitary Hormones, Anterior)
RN  - 4SR0Q8YD1X (D-Aspartic Acid)
RN  - EC 1.4.3.1 (D-Aspartate Oxidase)
RN  - EC 5.1.1.- (Amino Acid Isomerases)
RN  - EC 5.1.1.13 (aspartate racemase)
RN  - JL5DK93RCL (Melatonin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amino Acid Isomerases/metabolism
MH  - Animals
MH  - D-Aspartate Oxidase/metabolism
MH  - D-Aspartic Acid/*pharmacokinetics
MH  - Endocrine Glands/*metabolism
MH  - Exocrine Glands/*metabolism
MH  - Harderian Gland/metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Melatonin/biosynthesis
MH  - Parotid Gland/metabolism
MH  - Pineal Gland/metabolism
MH  - Pituitary Gland, Intermediate/metabolism
MH  - Pituitary Gland, Posterior/metabolism
MH  - Pituitary Hormones, Anterior/metabolism
MH  - Salivary Glands/metabolism
EDAT- 2014/05/20 06:00
MHDA- 2016/02/24 06:00
CRDT- 2014/05/20 06:00
PHST- 2014/04/24 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/04/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/05/20 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/05/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2016/02/24 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s00726-014-1759-2 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Amino Acids. 2014 Aug;46(8):1805-18. doi: 10.1007/s00726-014-1759-2. Epub 2014 
      May 17.