PMID- 24842002
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150219
LR  - 20140630
IS  - 1872-6240 (Electronic)
IS  - 0006-8993 (Linking)
VI  - 1572
DP  - 2014 Jul 14
TI  - Evidence for rostro-caudal functional organization in multiple brain areas 
      related to goal-directed behavior.
PG  - 26-39
LID - S0006-8993(14)00681-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.012 [doi]
AB  - The functional organization of brain areas supporting goal-directed behavior is 
      debated. Some accounts suggest a rostro-caudal organization, while others suggest 
      a broad recruitment as part of a multiple demand network. We used fMRI and an 
      anatomical region of interest (ROI) approach to test which account better 
      characterizes the organization of key brain areas related to goal-directed 
      behavior: the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), 
      cingulate cortex, and insula. Subjects performed a cognitive control task with 
      distinct trial events corresponding to rule representation, rule maintenance, 
      action execution, and monitoring progress towards an overarching motivational 
      goal. The use of ROIs allowed us to look for evidence of rostro-caudal gradients 
      during each event separately. Our results provide strong evidence for 
      rostro-caudal gradients in all regions. During the action execution period, 
      activation was robust in caudal ROIs and decreased linearly moving to rostral 
      ROIs in the LPFC, cingulate cortex, and MPFC. Conversely, during the goal 
      monitoring period, activation was weak in caudal ROIs and increased linearly 
      moving to the rostral ROIs in the aforementioned regions. The insula exhibited 
      the reverse pattern. These findings provide evidence for rostro-caudal 
      organization in multiple regions within the same study. More importantly, they 
      demonstrate that rostro-caudal gradients can be observed during individual trial 
      events, ruling out confounding factors such as task difficulty.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Dixon, Matthew L
AU  - Dixon ML
AD  - Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, 
      Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. Electronic address: mattdixon@psych.ubc.ca.
FAU - Fox, Kieran C R
AU  - Fox KC
AD  - Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, 
      Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. Electronic address: kfox@psych.ubc.ca.
FAU - Christoff, Kalina
AU  - Christoff K
AD  - Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, 
      Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4; Brain Research Centre, University of British 
      Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. Electronic address: 
      kchristoff@psych.ubc.ca.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20140516
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Brain Res
JT  - Brain research
JID - 0045503
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Brain Mapping
MH  - Cerebral Cortex/*physiology
MH  - Decision Making/*physiology
MH  - Female
MH  - *Goals
MH  - Gyrus Cinguli/physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MH  - Male
MH  - Prefrontal Cortex/physiology
MH  - Young Adult
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Action
OT  - Cingulate
OT  - Goals
OT  - Insula
OT  - Lateral prefrontal cortex
OT  - Medial prefrontal cortex
OT  - Motivation
OT  - Rostro-caudal organization
OT  - Rules
EDAT- 2014/05/21 06:00
MHDA- 2015/02/20 06:00
CRDT- 2014/05/21 06:00
PHST- 2014/03/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/05/01 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/05/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/05/21 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/05/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/02/20 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0006-8993(14)00681-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.012 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Brain Res. 2014 Jul 14;1572:26-39. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.012. Epub 2014 
      May 16.