PMID- 24859074
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20150309
LR  - 20140714
IS  - 1096-0295 (Electronic)
IS  - 0273-2300 (Linking)
VI  - 69
IP  - 3
DP  - 2014 Aug
TI  - Risk Assessment of residual monomer migrating from acrylic polymers and causing 
      Allergic Contact Dermatitis during normal handling and use.
PG  - 467-75
LID - S0273-2300(14)00095-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.013 [doi]
AB  - Acrylic, Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) based polymers are found in many 
      industrial, professional and consumer products and are of low toxicity, but do 
      contain very low levels of residual monomers and process chemicals that can leach 
      out during handling and use. Methyl Methacrylate, the principle monomer is of low 
      toxicity, but is a recognized weak skin sensitizer. The risk of induction of 
      contact allergy in consumers was determined using a method based upon the 
      Exposure-based Quantitative Risk Assessment approach developed for fragrance 
      ingredients. The No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) was based on 
      the threshold to induction of sensitization (EC3) in the Local Lymph Node Assay 
      (LLNA) since no Human Repeat Insult Patch Test (HRIPT) data were available. 
      Categorical estimation of Consumer Exposure Level was substituted with a worst 
      case assumption based upon the quantitative determination of MMA monomer 
      migration into simulants. Application of default and Chemical-Specific Adjustment 
      Factors results in a Risk Characterization Ratio (RCR) of 10,000 and a high 
      Margin of Safety for induction of Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) in consumers 
      handling polymers under conservative exposure conditions. Although there are no 
      data available to derive a RCR for elicitation of ACD it is likely to be lower 
      than that for induction.
CI  - Crown Copyright (c) 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Pemberton, Mark A
AU  - Pemberton MA
AD  - Systox Ltd, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK. Electronic address: markpemberton@systox.com.
FAU - Lohmann, Barbara S
AU  - Lohmann BS
AD  - CFCS-Consult GmbH, Essen, Germany.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20140520
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
JT  - Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
JID - 8214983
RN  - 0 (Allergens)
RN  - 0 (Methylmethacrylates)
RN  - 0 (Polymers)
SB  - IM
MH  - Allergens/adverse effects/chemistry
MH  - Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology
MH  - Environmental Exposure/*analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Local Lymph Node Assay
MH  - Methylmethacrylates/*adverse effects/*chemistry
MH  - Patch Tests/methods
MH  - Polymers/*adverse effects/*chemistry
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Skin/drug effects
MH  - Skin Tests/methods
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Acrylic polymer
OT  - Allergic Contact Dermatitis
OT  - Consumer exposure
OT  - Methyl Methacrylate
OT  - Migration
OT  - PMMA
OT  - Residual monomer
OT  - Risk Assessment
OT  - Skin sensitization
EDAT- 2014/05/27 06:00
MHDA- 2015/03/10 06:00
CRDT- 2014/05/27 06:00
PHST- 2014/04/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2014/05/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2014/05/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2014/05/27 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2014/05/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2015/03/10 06:00 [medline]
AID - S0273-2300(14)00095-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.013 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014 Aug;69(3):467-75. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.013. 
      Epub 2014 May 20.